Now doctors may predict accurate treatment for patients

A recent research may enable doctors to use the genetic profiles of patients to predict with great accuracy which treatment and prevention protocols will work for them, but requires greater inclusion of ethnic minorities as well. An anthropologist, and bio-ethicist said that to improve medical care researchers need more data about the individual differences that make each of us unique.

“Without engaging underrepresented communities in genetic studies, efforts to move precision science forward may recapitulate ongoing inequities in health care and limit and bias the research. The early stages of precision medicine offer a critical window in which to intervene before research practices and their consequences become locked in,” she said in the study which was published recently.

Precision medicine relies on the collection of bio-specimens, electronic records and other sources of behavioral and environmental data, she said.

Diseases can present differently among ethnic groups. They may, for example, appear at an earlier age, or they may progress more rapidly or respond disparately to treatment.

The study will explore how these centres recruit participants and collect, measure and share data. It will also examine how they communicate the findings of their research.

“We are looking to see if there are unintended consequences that would limit researchers’ ability to meet diversity recruitment goals, address social and biological causes of health disparities, and distribute the benefits of precision medicine equitably,” she said.

She warned that building a diverse genetic database may prove challenging. He also stressed that, as a result, recruiting for diverse participation alone is not nearly enough.

“An ethics of inclusion demands transparency and a culture of openness. Precision medicine studies must open themselves up to multidisciplinary teams that include social scientists, ethicists, and policymakers who can identify and implement practices that respect the histories and concern of diverse populations-and recognize where reform is needed,” she said.

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Artificial Pancreas To Boost Diabetes Treatment

Australian researchers have created the world’s first machine intelligent artificial pancreas that could improve insulin dosing for diabetics. According to researchers, the artificial intelligence-based (AI) technique can also transform the way aeroplane engine’s wear & tear is monitored. “Our technology can recommend the best insulin dosage to keep each individual patient’s blood glucose levels under control with unprecedented stability and safety,” he said. “It will allow for better and more accurate treatment than we’ve ever seen,” he said.

The researchers also applied the same AI technique to aviation turbine engines and their related systems to predict engine component degradation and plan services to improve performance. The AI “allows us to evolve computational models of aviation engines as if they were organisms and it can explain explicitly what it thinks is happening inside the engine”, said a mechanical engineer. The researcher said the AI system learns by forcing mathematical models to evolve, quite literally by using simulated chromosomes, to fit known information.

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Novel technique could provide early lung cancer diagnosis

Researchers have developed a new technique that has the potential to identify specific lung cancer markers at the earliest possible stage in a convenient and reusable way.

The new technique could create a highly sensitive graphene biosensor with the capability to detect molecules of the most-common lung cancer bio-markers.

In addition, the new biosensor design could revolutionise the existing electronic nose (e-nose) devices that identify specific components of a specific vapour mixture — a person’s breath — and analyses its chemical make-up to identify the cause.

“The new biosensors which we have developed show that graphene has significant potential for use as an electrode in e-nose devices.

“For the first time, we have shown that with suitable patterning graphene can be used as a specific, selective and sensitive detector for bio-markers,” said a researcher.

With further development of the devices, a cheap, reusable and accurate breath test for early-stage detection of lung cancer can become a reality, the researchers added in a paper published recently.

Lung cancer is one of the most common and aggressive cancers, killing around 1.4 million people worldwide each year.

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New Test Predicts Cervical Cancer With 100% Accuracy

Researchers have developed a cervical cancer test that can detect the disease up to five years before it manifests, with 100% accuracy in a randomized clinical trial of more than 15,000 women. However, they also said it could take up to five years for it to become routine procedure in gynecologist’s offices.

“This is an enormous development,” said a Prof. and the lead researcher behind the new test. “We were surprised by how well this new test can detect and predict early cervical cancers years in advance, with 100% of cancers detected, including adenocarcinomas, which is a type of cervical cancer that is very difficult to detect.”

India is home to a quarter of the world’s cases of cervical cancers 1 and 2; here, the disease accounts for 26 % of all cancers in women, and 17% of their cancer-related deaths. Cervical cancer screening efforts have been disjointed, and reliant on the invasive Pap smear to identify cellular mutations, as well as a test for the human papillomavirus, an infection that indirectly underlies the majority of the world’s cervical cancer cases. Neither test is foolproof, with Pap smears detecting only around 50% of precancerous cells, and the HPV test only detecting a past or present infection, but not whether it will develop into cancer. The HPV vaccine, despite its proven efficacy in preventing the infection that underlies most cervical cancer cases — and thus lowering the rate of cervical cancer — has been adopted only slowly, as part of public health campaigns  at the national level.

The new test detects naturally occurring chemical markers that overlay DNA that’s been affected by HPV infection, to predict cervical cancer before it develops. It reflects a new trend in cancer research and treatment, one that sees the pantheon of diseases primarily as the result of epigenetics — that is, how, when and why a body ‘reads’ and carries out genetic blueprints. These words explains it best: if each of our lives are a movie, our cells are the actors, genetics is the script — and epigenetics is the directing.

“In contrast to what most researchers and clinicians are saying, we are seeing more and more evidence that it is in fact epigenetics, and not DNA mutations, that drives a whole range of early cancers, including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, colon, and prostate,” the Prof. said.

In the clinical trial, the new test detected 100% the invasive cervical cancer cases (a total of eight) that developed among a set of 15,744 women. The women in the trial also underwent Pap smears and HPV testing, which detected 25% and 50% of the cervical cancer cases respectively.

Among a subset of HPV-positive women, the new test was slightly less accurate but still highly efficient, detecting 93% of precancerous cervical lesions, compared to 86% detected by a Pap smear and HPV test combined, and 61% detected by a Pap smear alone.


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Red meat may increase levels of chemical linked with heart disease

Researchers are working towards developing a non-invasive method to detect prostate cancer through urine sample.

Since cells from the prostate are shed into urine naturally, the new method, which aims to make use of a novel microscope based on a photonic crystal bio-sensor, could offer a more accurate diagnosis. 

"The system we are developing utilises a sensitive bio-sensor, which allows us to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells based on a unique feature of the cells," said a Prof.

"If you can detect a cancer cell, you're starting from a more precise place and you can give a more accurate diagnosis," he added in a statement released.

The new method could significantly improve accuracy compared to the approach used in current clinical practice.

Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer, and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, in men. Early detection is key to survival, which is why doctors are required to screen all men over the age of 50 for the disease.

To screen patients for prostate cancer, medical professionals take a blood sample and look for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). If a high level of PSA is found, the patient is suspected to have prostate cancer and required to have a prostate biopsy.

Unfortunately, PSA tests are far from providing satisfactory diagnoses and result in a large number of unnecessary prostate biopsies due to a high false-positive rate.

This is because PSA elevation may also occur in men with infection and chronic inflammation or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

"False positive diagnoses are very common in prostate cancer tests," he said.

"As a result, a patient may undergo a biopsy he doesn't need, which is painful and could cause an infection. Also, because prostate cancer is highly heterogeneous and even multi-core prostate biopsy only samples a few local areas, it can easily be missed by clinicians," he added.

Since about 70 percent of men who go through the biopsy process are found to be cancer-free, the Prof. wanted to look for a better way.

"We need to use every weapon in our arsenal to attack this disease," he said.

"It's important to think outside the box and use innovation to address these critical issues," he added.

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Prostate cancer breakthrough -a new accurate non-invasive test

Some scientists have made a breakthrough in prostate cancer research with a new test that could make spotting the killer disease much easier.

Prostate cancer is the most common among men with one in eight developing the condition at some point in their lives.

Current methods of detecting the illness can prove problematic, but researchers have found a new ultrasound that is less invasive, more accurate and far cheaper.

Cancerous tissue feels harder than normal so an ultrasound is far better equipped to pick it up.

So far 200 people have taken part in the study, but experts want to roll it out further to help save more lives across various places every year.

The team leader for the project, told : 'We have been able to show a stark difference in results between our technology and existing techniques such as MRI.

'The technique has picked up cancers which MRI did not reveal. 

We can now see with much greater accuracy what tissue is cancerous, where it is and what level of treatment it needs. This is a significant step forward.' 

At the moment there is no single test to detect prostate cancer. A combination of MRI scans, biopsies and physical examinations are carried out to help determine if there are higher levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood.

But there is currently no prostate cancer screening programme as PSA tests are often found to be unreliable. This makes the discovery could be a real game changer.

There are 47,000 new cases of the disease in every year and one man dies every 45 minutes as a result of it. 

The new technology used, known as shear wave elastrography (SWE), could help reduce prostate cancer-related fatality rates across the world. 

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Simple home test could predict cancer and malaria

• Scientists are developing new paper strips that detect cancer and malaria
• Strips, which cost about 50 cents, require just a drop of blood
• Once applied, the test can be sent to a lab where results are read
• Means people would only need to see a doctor if the results were positive
• Tests can detect any disease for which the body produces antibodies
• Clinical trials should start within 3 years, scientists in Ohio hope 

Within a few years testing cancer could be as simple as testing for diabetes.

Chemists in Ohio are in the process of developing paper strips that can detect a number of diseases, including cancer, malaria. The strips would cost around 50 cents, will just need a drop of blood, once the blood is applied to the paper strip, it should be sent to the lab for testing. Only when the results are positive one needs to see the specialists. Researchers feel that even after a month of taking the blood sample of people living in remote areas, it would be possible to detect accurately.

 

The scientist feels that the test could be tailored to detect any disease, for which the human body produces antibodies, including ovarian cancer and cancer of the large intestine.This patent pending technology would help those people most,who don't have a regular access to the doctor and can't afford regular visits.

The technology uses wax to ink to trace the outline of channels and reservoirs on the paper. To get tested, all that a person has to do is put a drop of blood on the strip, fold it in half and mail it to the lab for testing.

The finding are published in the Journal of American Chemical Society.

 

 

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New blood test developed to improve cancer detection

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A new blood-based RNA test can detect, classify and pinpoint the location of cancer with greater accuracy by analysing a sample equivalent to one drop of blood, scientists say.

Using this new method for blood-based RNA tests of blood platelets, researchers have been able to identify cancer with 96% accuracy, researchers said. "Being able to detect cancer at an early stage is vital.

We have studied how a whole new blood-based method of biopsy can be used to detect cancer, which in the future renders an invasive cell tissue sample unnecessary in diagnosing lung cancer, for instance," said Jonas Nilsson, cancer researcher at Umea University in Sweden. "In the study, nearly all forms of cancer were identified, which proves that blood-based biopsies have an immense potential to improve early detection of cancer," said Nilsson.

Researchers from Umea University, in collaborations with researchers from the Netherlands and the US, investigated how a new method of blood-based RNA tests of the part of the blood called platelets could be used in detecting and classifying cancer. The results show that blood platelets could constitute a complete and easily accessible blood-based source for sampling and hence be used in diagnosing cancer as well as in the choice of treatment method.

Blood samples from 283 individuals were studied of which 228 people had some form of cancer and 55 showed no evidence of cancer. By comparing the blood sample RNA profiles, researchers could identify the presence of cancer with an accuracy of 96% among patients.

Among the 39 patients in the study in which an early detection of cancer had been made, 100% of the cases could be identified and classified. In follow-up tests using the same method, researchers could identify the origin of tumours with a so far unsurpassed accuracy of 71% in patients with diagnosed cancer in the lung, breast, pancreas, brain, liver, colon and rectum.

The samples could also be sorted in subdivisions depending on molecular differences in the cancer form, which can be of great use in the choice of treatment method. The study was published in the journal Cancer Cell.