Novel technique could provide early lung cancer diagnosis

Researchers have developed a new technique that has the potential to identify specific lung cancer markers at the earliest possible stage in a convenient and reusable way.

The new technique could create a highly sensitive graphene biosensor with the capability to detect molecules of the most-common lung cancer bio-markers.

In addition, the new biosensor design could revolutionise the existing electronic nose (e-nose) devices that identify specific components of a specific vapour mixture — a person’s breath — and analyses its chemical make-up to identify the cause.

“The new biosensors which we have developed show that graphene has significant potential for use as an electrode in e-nose devices.

“For the first time, we have shown that with suitable patterning graphene can be used as a specific, selective and sensitive detector for bio-markers,” said a researcher.

With further development of the devices, a cheap, reusable and accurate breath test for early-stage detection of lung cancer can become a reality, the researchers added in a paper published recently.

Lung cancer is one of the most common and aggressive cancers, killing around 1.4 million people worldwide each year.

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3D-Printed Glucose Biosensor Developed for Diabetic Patients

Scientists have developed a 3D-printed glucose biosensor for use in wearable monitors. The advance could lead to improved glucose monitors for millions of people who suffer from diabetes, said researchers.

People with diabetes most commonly monitor their disease with glucose meters that require constant finger pricking.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems are an alternative, but they are not cost effective, according to the research.

Researchers have been working to develop wearable, flexible electronics that can conform to patients' skin and monitor the glucose in body fluids, such as in sweat. To build such sensors, manufacturers have used traditional manufacturing strategies, such as photolithography or screen printing.

While these methods work, they have several drawbacks, including requiring the use of harmful chemicals and expensive cleanroom processing. They also create a lot of waste.

Using 3D printing, the team developed a glucose monitor with much better stability and sensitivity than those manufactured through traditional methods. 

The researchers used a method called direct-ink-writing (DIW), that involves printing ‘inks’ out of nozzles to create intricate and precise designs at tiny scales.

They printed out a nanoscale material that is electrically conductive to create flexible electrodes.

The technique allows a precise application of the material, resulting in a uniform surface and fewer defects, which increases the sensor's sensitivity.

The researchers found that their 3D-printed sensors did better at picking up glucose signals than the traditionally produced electrodes. Since it uses 3D printing, the system is also more customisable for the variety of people's biology, researchers said.

"3D printing can enable manufacturing of biosensors tailored specifically to individual patients." -the researchers said.

Since the 3-D printing uses only the amount of material needed, there is also less waste in the process than traditional manufacturing methods.

"This can potentially bring down the cost," said a researcher.

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This teen developed a bra that could save you from breast cancer

An 18-year-old male may be the first to develop a bra that can detect breast cancer.

Julián Ríos Cantú from Mexico, along with three of his friends, took home the top prize at the Global Student Entrepreneur Awards this week, winning $20,000 to develop the Eva bra from its current prototype stage.

The Eva works via biosensors that detect changes in breast temperature and texture, since cancerous tumors increase blood flow and therefore skin temps. The sensors are connected to an app, which would log any changes over time. Women would need to wear the bra for at least 60-90 minutes once a week.

Since the bra is in such early stages of development, Anna Perman from Cancer Research U.K. told the BBC it’s unclear if it will really work. “At present, there is no evidence to show whether this bra is a reliable way to detect tumours, and it’s certainly not a good idea for women to use technology that hasn’t been tested in good-quality scientific trials.

“It’s great to see young people like Julian getting into science and having ideas that could help with cancer diagnosis. But an important part of science is rigorous testing, to make sure innovations like this actually benefit patients.”

The project is dear to Ríos Cantú, as his mom almost died of undetected breast cancer when he was 13. At one appointment, the doctor told her that her lumps were malignant, but six months later, another mammogram found they were cancerous.

“The tumor went from having the dimensions of a grain of rice to that of a golf ball in less than six months,” Ríos Cantú says in a video for his company, Higia Tech. “The diagnosis came too late, and my mother lost both of her breasts and, almost, her life.”
Not long after, Ríos Cantú began researching the illness and developing the idea with his friends. He hopes it will be ready to market within the next two years.

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New biosensor can detect Alzheimers, cancer

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Scientists have developed a novel biosensor that can detect molecules associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers, as well as certain types of cancer. 

The device, developed by researchers at the National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) in Brazil, is a single-layer organic nanometre-scale transistor on a glass slide. 
 
It contains the reduced form of the peptide glutathione (GSH), which reacts in a specific way when it comes into contact with the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), linked to Parkinsons, Alzheimers and breast cancer, among other diseases. 

The GSH-GST reaction is detected by the transistor, which can be used for diagnostic purposes. 

The project focuses on the development of point-of-care devices by researchers in a range of knowledge areas, using functional materials to produce simple sensors and microfluidic systems for rapid diagnosis. 

"Platforms like this one can be deployed to diagnose complex diseases quickly, safely and relatively cheaply, using nanometre-scale systems to identify molecules of interest in the material analysed," said Carlos Cesar Bof Bufon, Head of LNNanos Functional Devices and Systems Lab (DSF). 

In addition to portability and low cost, the advantages of the nanometric biosensor include its sensitivity in detecting molecules, according to Bufon. 

"This is the first time organic transistor technology has been used in detecting the pair GSH-GST, which is important in diagnosing degenerative diseases, for example," Bufon said. 

"The device can detect such molecules even when theyre present at very low levels in the examined material, thanks to its nanometric sensitivity," he said. 

The system can be adapted to detect other substances, such as molecules linked to different diseases and elements present in contaminated material, among other applications. 

This requires replacing the molecules in the sensor with others that react with the chemicals targeted by the test, which are known as analytes, researchers said. 

The team is working on paper-based biosensors to lower the cost even further and to improve portability and facilitate fabrication as well as disposal. 

The challenge is that paper is an insulator in its usual form. Bufon has developed a technique to make paper conductive and capable of transporting sensing data by impregnating cellulose fibres with polymers that have conductive properties.