Novel technique could provide early lung cancer diagnosis

Researchers have developed a new technique that has the potential to identify specific lung cancer markers at the earliest possible stage in a convenient and reusable way.

The new technique could create a highly sensitive graphene biosensor with the capability to detect molecules of the most-common lung cancer bio-markers.

In addition, the new biosensor design could revolutionise the existing electronic nose (e-nose) devices that identify specific components of a specific vapour mixture — a person’s breath — and analyses its chemical make-up to identify the cause.

“The new biosensors which we have developed show that graphene has significant potential for use as an electrode in e-nose devices.

“For the first time, we have shown that with suitable patterning graphene can be used as a specific, selective and sensitive detector for bio-markers,” said a researcher.

With further development of the devices, a cheap, reusable and accurate breath test for early-stage detection of lung cancer can become a reality, the researchers added in a paper published recently.

Lung cancer is one of the most common and aggressive cancers, killing around 1.4 million people worldwide each year.

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Breath test to detect multiple cancers early begins large trial

Several illnesses are known to create signature smells from the body, including typhoid fever reported to smell like baked bread and the aroma of acetone, said to be similar to rotten apples, on the breath of diabetics. Recent research has also shown that a person's breath could also indicate the presence of cancer. 

 

To test this theory, researchers have launched a two-year trial into a clinical device, called the Breath Biopsy, to find out if exhaled airborne molecules can be useful for cancer detection. 

 

In the body's normal metabolic processes, molecules called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced. It's thought that cancer can create a different pattern of VOCs, which researchers hope to identify using the device. "Our goal is, can we spot these subtle differences?,"a researcher said.

 

The trial, which is being run by the Cancer specialists, is recruiting up to 1,500 participants, including healthy people to act as a control group. 

 

Patients with stomach and esophageal cancers will initially be asked to try the test, before expanding to patients with prostate, kidney, bladder, liver and pancreatic cancers.

 

Participants will be asked to breathe into the device for 10 minutes to provide a sample, which will be analyzed by researchers.

The idea is to identify if cancer signals are similar or different and how early any signals could be picked up. If some people go on to develop cancer, their samples will be compared to those who don't develop the disease.

Late diagnosis

"We urgently need to develop new tools, like this breath test, which could help to detect and diagnose cancer earlier, giving patients the best chance of surviving their disease,"  the trial investigator said in a statement. 

 

Almost half of cancers are diagnosed at a late stage in England, according to researchers. Some of the reasons are due to patients' fears of invasive tests, a lack of knowledge of cancer signs and symptoms, and the lack of early detection tests for certain cancers. 

 

Early detection can be a matter of life and death added the Prof., who added that around 85% of people with lung cancer are diagnosed at a late stage, "and they will die in one or two years [because] by the time doctors diagnose it, it is too late." 

 

There are more than 360,000 new cancer cases in the UK every year, according to Cancer experts. Globally, an estimated 18.1 million new cases of cancer were reported in 2018, according to the World Health Organization.

The need for trials

In 2017, researchers told that they had developed a device which -- using nanorays to analyze breath -- can identify Parkinson's disease, various cancers, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease with 86% accuracy.

 

But the experimental technology analyzing breath had a number of issues it had to address: including the problem of storing breath that is not immediately analyzed. 

 

The Prof. agreed that it is hard to "capture, store, and transport" breath, but added that the Breath Biopsy device has been developed to solve those issues. He said the device captures chemicals using a cartridge, which "acts like a sponge," and it is then transported to a lab where it is analyzed. 

 

If the trial turns into a success, the researchers hope the breath biopsies will be used in doctors' practices to figure out whether patients should be referred for further diagnostic tests. 

 

"Through this clinical trial we hope to find signatures in breath needed to detect cancers earlier -- it's the crucial next step in developing this technology," the researcher said.

 

Today's widespread interest in breath analysis stems from the relatively recent discovery -- within the past 20 years or so -- that nitric oxide, a common pollutant, works as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system, a professor told. The three scientists who made the discovery won a Nobel Prize for their efforts in 1998.

 

The theory behind the technology is that each of us has a unique chemical "fingerprint." Each disease also has a particular chemical signature, which can be detected on our breath.

 

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Cheap breath test may detect stomach, oesophageal cancers

Scientists have developed a cheap and non-invasive test that can measure the levels of five chemicals in the breath to detect cancers of the esophagus and stomach with 85 per cent accuracy.
Together, stomach and esophageal cancer account for around 1.4 million new cancer diagnoses each year worldwide.
Both tend to be diagnosed late, because the symptoms are ambiguous, meaning the five-year survival rate for these two types of cancer is only 15 per cent.
Currently, the only way to diagnose esophageal cancer or stomach cancer is with endoscopy -- an expensive, invasive method with some risk of complications.
"A breath test could be used as a non-invasive, first-line test to reduce the number of unnecessary endoscopies. In the longer term this could also mean earlier diagnosis and treatment and better survival," said Sheraz Markar from Imperial College London. 

 Previous research suggested that there are differences in the levels of specific chemicals -- butyric, pentanoic and hexanoic acids, butanal, and decanal -- in patients with stomach or oesophageal cancer and patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms without cancer.

In the new study, presented at the European Cancer Congress 2017 in The Netherlands, the team collected breath samples from 335 people, who were measured for levels of the five chemicals to see which ones matched to the 'chemical signature' that indicated cancer.

The results showed that the test was 85 per cent accurate overall, meaning that the breath test was good at picking up those who had cancer (80 per cent sensitivity) and was also good at correctly identifying who did not have cancer (81 per cent specificity).

"This study suggests that we may be able detect these differences and use a breath test to indicate which patients are likely to have cancer of the esophagus and stomach and which do not," Markar said. 

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Now, a breathalyser test with a 'nose' to 'sniff out' lung cancer!

Researchers have developed a new groundbreaking device that uses exhaled breath to accurately detect lung cancer and identify its stage of progression.

The breathalyser test is embedded with a "NaNose" nanotech chip to literally "sniff out" cancer tumours.

The study was conducted on 358 patients who were either diagnosed with or at risk for lung cancer.
"Lung cancer diagnoses require invasive procedures such as bronchoscopies, computer-guided biopsies, or surgery. Our new device combines several novel technologies with a new concept - using exhaled breath as a medium of diagnosing cancer," said Dr Nir Peled of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine.

"Our NaNose was able to detect lung cancer with 90 per cent accuracy even when the lung nodule was tiny and hard to sample. It was even able to discriminate between subtypes of cancer, which was unexpected," said Peled.

Lung cancer tumours produce chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which easily evaporate into the air and produce a discernible scent profile.

Professor Hossam Haick of the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology harnessed nanotechnology to develop the highly sensitive NaNose chip, which detects the unique "signature" of VOCs in exhaled breath.

In four out of five cases, the device differentiated between benign and malignant lung lesions and even different cancer subtypes.

"Cancer cells not only have a different and unique smell or signature, you can even discriminate between subtypes and advancement of the disease. The bigger the tumour, the more robust the signature," said Peled.

The device and subsequent analysis accurately sorted healthy people from people with early-stage lung cancer 85 per cent of the time, and healthy people from those with advanced lung cancer 82 per cent of the time.

The test also accurately distinguished between early and advanced lung cancer 79 per cent of the time.

"The device could prove valuable in helping determine patients who need more intensive screening for lung cancer. We're hoping to have a device that would be able to give you a go/no-go result — something's wrong, go get an X-ray," said Peled.

The Boston-based company Alpha Szenszor has licensed the technology and hopes to introduce it to the market within the next few years.

The study was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology conference in Chicago.

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Breath analysis may detect lung cancer

Researchers at the University of Louisville School of Medicine are now using breath analysis to detect the presence of lung cancer.

Preliminary data indicate that this promising noninvasive tool offers the sensitivity of PET scanning, and has almost twice the specificity of PET for distinguishing patients with benign lung disease from those with early stage cancer.

A reliable, noninvasive diagnostic method imposes less physical and financial burden on patients who actually have no significant disease, while rapid and accurate diagnosis expedites treatment for patients who truly have lung cancer.

The team believes that while the breath test would not replace CT as a primary screening tool, it would be particularly helpful in conjunction with a positive CT scan result.

"This breath analysis method presents the potential for a cheaper and more reliable diagnostic option for patients found to have bulky disease on a CT scan. If the breath analysis is negative, the patient may, in some instances, be followed with repeated exams without necessitating a biopsy. But a positive breath analysis would indicate that the patient may proceed to definitive biopsy, thus expediting treatment," the Dr.  said. 

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Breath test may help detect lung cancer

A simple breath test can help detect lung cancer in its early stages, according to a new study.

Researchers from University of Louisville using a silicone microprocessor and mass spectrometer tested the exhaled breaths of patients with suspicious lung lesions to detect the presence and levels of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs; aldehydes and ketones, collectively called carbonyls).

The researchers then matched their findings with pathologic and clinical results, according to the study released at the 50th Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.

Although the data are preliminary, we found that patients with an elevation of three or four cancer-specific carbonyl compounds was predictive of lung cancer in 95% of patients with a pulmonary nodule or mass,” said Dr. Michael Bousamra, MD. “Conversely, the absence of elevated VOC levels was predictive of a benign mass in 80% of patients.”

Elevated carbonyl concentrations returned to normal following surgery to remove the malignant nodule.

“Instead of sending patients for invasive biopsy procedures when a suspicious lung mass is identified, our study suggests that exhaled breath could identify which patients may be directed for an immediate intraoperative biopsy and resection,” said Dr. Bousamra.  

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