Ketone supplements can lower blood sugar levels

Ketone supplements are small dietary doses of a chemical naturally produced by the liver from body fat during periods of low food intake, and a new study says these may lower blood sugar levels in diabetics. The study, published in the Journal of Physiology, showed that a ketone ester supplement can lower blood sugar levels.

According to the researchers, including those from the University of British Columbia in Canada, the study presents a potential future method to control spikes in blood sugar experienced by diabetics. The scientists demonstrated that a single drink of ketone ester enables better control of blood sugar by reducing spikes in sugar levels.

As part of the study, 20 healthy individuals consumed the ketone monoester supplement, or a placebo after a 10-hour fast. The participants then consumed a drink containing 75 grams of sugar 30 minutes later.

Blood samples were collected from the participants every 15-30 minutes throughout the entire 2.5 hours protocol, the researchers said. They analysed the samples for glucose, lipids, and hormones. According to the study, the blood sugar spike was reduced on the day that the individuals had consumed the ketone drink.

However, the scientists cautioned that more research is required to know whether the findings apply to people with diabetes and obesity since the current study was conducted with healthy young individuals.

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New skin patch could deliver cancer medication without pain in one minute

Researchers have developed a new skin patch that could efficiently deliver medication to attack melanoma cancer cells.

The study is an advance toward developing a vaccine to treat melanoma.

Our patch has a unique chemical coating and mode of action that allows it to be aplied and removed from the skin in just a minute while still delivering a therapeutic dose of durgs, said one of the researcher.

Researchers have designed a new pH-responsive polymer with 2 parts.

The first part containes amine groups that are positively charged at the pH at which they make the microneedles, but that becomes neutral at the pH of the skin, the researcher explained.

The second part contains carboxylic acid groups with no charge when the microneedles are made, but which become negatively charged when the patch is applied to the skin. 

So, there is an overall change in charge from positive to negative, he said.

While sticky negative-positive -negative layers are still required for layer-by-layer (LbL) film construction, the team's patch quickly switches to repelling negative-negative-negative layers when placed on the skin. After the microneedles pierce the skin and implant the LBL drug film beneath the skin, the drug leaves the patch quickly.

Using chicken ovalbumin as a model antigen, the team vaccinated mice with their patches and compared the results with intramuscular and subcutaneous injections.

The microneedle treatment produced nine times the antibody level as compared to intramuscular injections ( e.g. used for flu shots) and 160 times the antibody level compared to subcutaneous injections ( e.g., used for measles vaccines). They also saw efficient immune activation in surgical samples of human skin.

Our patch technology could be used to deliver vaccines to combat different infectious diseases, he said. But, we're excited by the possibility that the patch is another tool in the oncologists' arsenal against cancer, specifically melanoma, he continued.

To make melanoma vaccine, the researchers developed an antigen that includes a marker frequently over-expressed by melanoma cells, as well as an adjuvant, which creates ageneralised danger signal for the immune system and boosts its response. Then, they tested different LbL microneedle film arrangements of antigen and adjuvant in immune cells derived from mice.

From these experiments, the researchers identified the optimal LbL microneedle structure that appears to activate immune cells directly accessible in the skin. In living mice, these cells could, in turn, migrate to the lymphatic system and recruit other immune cells to attack the melanoma tumour. The researchers now plan to test patches on melanoma tumours in mice.

We're using low-cost chemistry and a simple fabrication scheme to transform vaccination, he said. Ultimately, we want to get a device approved and on the market, he added.

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Breath test to detect multiple cancers early begins large trial

Several illnesses are known to create signature smells from the body, including typhoid fever reported to smell like baked bread and the aroma of acetone, said to be similar to rotten apples, on the breath of diabetics. Recent research has also shown that a person's breath could also indicate the presence of cancer. 

 

To test this theory, researchers have launched a two-year trial into a clinical device, called the Breath Biopsy, to find out if exhaled airborne molecules can be useful for cancer detection. 

 

In the body's normal metabolic processes, molecules called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced. It's thought that cancer can create a different pattern of VOCs, which researchers hope to identify using the device. "Our goal is, can we spot these subtle differences?,"a researcher said.

 

The trial, which is being run by the Cancer specialists, is recruiting up to 1,500 participants, including healthy people to act as a control group. 

 

Patients with stomach and esophageal cancers will initially be asked to try the test, before expanding to patients with prostate, kidney, bladder, liver and pancreatic cancers.

 

Participants will be asked to breathe into the device for 10 minutes to provide a sample, which will be analyzed by researchers.

The idea is to identify if cancer signals are similar or different and how early any signals could be picked up. If some people go on to develop cancer, their samples will be compared to those who don't develop the disease.

Late diagnosis

"We urgently need to develop new tools, like this breath test, which could help to detect and diagnose cancer earlier, giving patients the best chance of surviving their disease,"  the trial investigator said in a statement. 

 

Almost half of cancers are diagnosed at a late stage in England, according to researchers. Some of the reasons are due to patients' fears of invasive tests, a lack of knowledge of cancer signs and symptoms, and the lack of early detection tests for certain cancers. 

 

Early detection can be a matter of life and death added the Prof., who added that around 85% of people with lung cancer are diagnosed at a late stage, "and they will die in one or two years [because] by the time doctors diagnose it, it is too late." 

 

There are more than 360,000 new cancer cases in the UK every year, according to Cancer experts. Globally, an estimated 18.1 million new cases of cancer were reported in 2018, according to the World Health Organization.

The need for trials

In 2017, researchers told that they had developed a device which -- using nanorays to analyze breath -- can identify Parkinson's disease, various cancers, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease with 86% accuracy.

 

But the experimental technology analyzing breath had a number of issues it had to address: including the problem of storing breath that is not immediately analyzed. 

 

The Prof. agreed that it is hard to "capture, store, and transport" breath, but added that the Breath Biopsy device has been developed to solve those issues. He said the device captures chemicals using a cartridge, which "acts like a sponge," and it is then transported to a lab where it is analyzed. 

 

If the trial turns into a success, the researchers hope the breath biopsies will be used in doctors' practices to figure out whether patients should be referred for further diagnostic tests. 

 

"Through this clinical trial we hope to find signatures in breath needed to detect cancers earlier -- it's the crucial next step in developing this technology," the researcher said.

 

Today's widespread interest in breath analysis stems from the relatively recent discovery -- within the past 20 years or so -- that nitric oxide, a common pollutant, works as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system, a professor told. The three scientists who made the discovery won a Nobel Prize for their efforts in 1998.

 

The theory behind the technology is that each of us has a unique chemical "fingerprint." Each disease also has a particular chemical signature, which can be detected on our breath.

 

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