Walnuts- its nutritional values, how to store them

Walnuts are a great way to add extra nutrition, flavour and crunch to a meal. The walnut comes from an ornamental tree, prized for its beauty. The kernel consists of two bumpy lobes that look like abstract butterflies. The lobes are off white in colour and covered by a thin, light brown skin. They are partially attached to each other. The kernels are enclosed in round or oblong shells that are brown in colour and very hard. While there are numerous species of walnut trees, three of the main types of nut consumed are the English walnut, the black walnut, and the white walnut.

Due to their high polyunsaturated fat content, walnuts are perishable and care should be taken in their storage. Shelled walnuts should be stored in an airtight container and placed in the refrigerator, where they will keep for six months, or the freezer, where they will last for one year. Unshelled walnuts should preferably be stored in the refrigerator, although as long as you keep them in a cool, dry, dark place, they will stay fresh for up to six months.

Nutritional profile

Walnuts are an excellent source of anti-inflammatory omega-3 essential fatty acids, in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Walnuts are rich in antioxidants and minerals such as manganese, copper, calcium, chromium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, vanadium and zinc.

for walnut cranberry relish recipe see my blog

http://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/

Oats, nuts can help reduce cholesterol

Worried about your cholesterol? Make sure you eat plenty of oats and nuts rather than just avoiding fatty foods, scientists say.

Researchers at the University of Toronto in Canada found that a diet rich in foods, such as oats and nuts, was more effective in lowering cholesterol levels than by cutting out saturated fats alone.

The diet that worked best in the study also included soy products such as milk, tofu and meat substitutes, while eating more peas, beans and lentils was encouraged, the Daily Mail reported.

The researchers discovered that a six-month change to the diet could result in a “meaningful” 13 per cent reduction in blood levels of LDL cholesterol, also called bad cholesterol.

Following the diet for longer would give a predicted reduction of almost 11 per cent in heart disease risk over a ten-year period, the researchers claimed.

For the study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the researchers looked at 345 patients suffering from high cholesterol. They were split into three groups, one of which was merely recommended to adopt a low-fat diet that included fruit and vegetables, while the other two were advised on a dietary “portfolio” consisting of specific foods known to lower LDL cholesterol such as nuts, oats, soy products and lentils.

One group was counselled during two clinic visits while the other underwent an “intensive” course of seven visits. After six months the low-fat group had experienced a drop in LDL cholesterol levels of three per cent.

Chemical changes in brains may predict risk for Alzheimer's

A new study has identified biochemical changes in the brains of normal people who might be at risk for Alzheimer’s disease.

The study of 311 people in their 70s and 80s with no cognitive problems used an advanced brain imaging technique called proton MR spectroscopy to see if they had abnormalities in several brain metabolites that may be biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease.

They also had PET scans to assess the level of amyloid—beta deposits, or plaques, in the brain that are one of the first signs of changes in the brain due to Alzheimer’s disease. The participants were also given tests of memory, language and other skills.

The study found that 33 percent of the participants had significantly high levels of amyloid—beta deposits in their brains. Those with high levels of amyloid—beta deposits also tended to have high levels of the brain metabolites myoinositol/creatine and choline/creatine.

People with high levels of choline/creatine were more likely to have lower scores on several of the cognitive tests, regardless of the amount of amyloid—beta deposits in their brains.

"This relationship between amyloid—beta deposits and these metabolic changes in the brain are evidence that some of these people may be in the earliest stages of the disease,” said study author Kejal Kantarci, MD, MSc, of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., and a member of the American Academy of Neurology. The study was published in the August 24, 2011, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

Pistachios ‘can provide caffeine-free alternative to coffee’

Pistachio nuts could provide a caffeine-free and healthy alternative to the popular hot coffee, say researchers.

The search for a caffeine-free coffee has often proven less than fruitful, with versions of the drink which lack not just caffeine’s kick, but flavour. Now, a team at University of York claims to have found a possible solution in a type of pistachio nut.

The researchers claim that carefully roasted, the fruit of the Pistacia terebinthus tree, which is much smaller than normal pistachios, could offer all the flavour of coffee, with none of the kick - as well as being significantly cheaper.

According to them, pistacia has the same chemical “signature” as real, caffeinated, coffee - meaning it can be made to have the same taste and aroma.

The researchers found that when they roasted the Pistacia terebinthus nuts for 20 minutes at 200 degrees they started to show a volatile chemical profile similar to roasted coffee beans, ‘The Daily Telegraph’ reported.

The roasting produced high amounts of chemicals that give the nuts a caramel and burnt sugar smell along with a slight citrus and pine flavour.

The researchers now hope to fine tune the roasting method while also reducing the oil content of the ground Pistacia terebinthus nuts so they can be sold commercially.

Dr. Mustafa Ozel, who led the team, said work could now be done to perfect the coffee alternative - opening the way to passing the espresso test.

“The roasting process can be manipulated to bring out different flavours and minimise any deleterious compounds produced. While the overall chemical composition is not similar to coffee beans, the final roasted product has a similar volatile composition,” he said.

Pistachios ‘can provide caffeine-free alternative to coffee’

Pistachio nuts could provide a caffeine-free and healthy alternative to the popular hot coffee, say researchers.

The search for a caffeine-free coffee has often proven less than fruitful, with versions of the drink which lack not just caffeine’s kick, but flavour. Now, a team at University of York claims to have found a possible solution in a type of pistachio nut.

The researchers claim that carefully roasted, the fruit of the Pistacia terebinthus tree, which is much smaller than normal pistachios, could offer all the flavour of coffee, with none of the kick - as well as being significantly cheaper.

According to them, pistacia has the same chemical “signature” as real, caffeinated, coffee - meaning it can be made to have the same taste and aroma.

The researchers found that when they roasted the Pistacia terebinthus nuts for 20 minutes at 200 degrees they started to show a volatile chemical profile similar to roasted coffee beans, ‘The Daily Telegraph’ reported.

The roasting produced high amounts of chemicals that give the nuts a caramel and burnt sugar smell along with a slight citrus and pine flavour.

The researchers now hope to fine tune the roasting method while also reducing the oil content of the ground Pistacia terebinthus nuts so they can be sold commercially.

Dr. Mustafa Ozel, who led the team, said work could now be done to perfect the coffee alternative - opening the way to passing the espresso test.

“The roasting process can be manipulated to bring out different flavours and minimise any deleterious compounds produced. While the overall chemical composition is not similar to coffee beans, the final roasted product has a similar volatile composition,” he said.

Now, a scanner that can detect breast cancer without using radiation

Israeli scientists have developed a scanner that can detect breast cancer more effectively than traditional X-ray mammograms without using radiation.

The new device finds tumours in the breast by using infrared beams and thermal energy.

Scientists at Real Imaging, the Israeli inventors of the scanner, found women with breast cancer produced different signals on the surface of their skin. The machine can detect this without direct contact with the breast.

In a trial of 2,500 women the scanner was 92 per cent effective at detecting breast cancer, compared to 80 per cent for X-ray mammograms.

It was also found to be better at picking up cancers in younger women who tend to have denser breasts.

"Mammography is an old-fashioned technology which requires examination by the naked eye. The scanner is hi-tech and doesn’t require a human being to be accurate,” the Daily Express quoted Dr. Reuben Libson at Hadassah University Medical Centre in Jerusalem, as saying.

Further trials are due to be held but scientists hope the device will get EU approval this year, allowing it to be used in the U.K..

STEM CELLS: LIFE’S BUILDING BLOCKS

The human body consists of more than 200 mature cell types; each has a distinct and specialised function. Whether it’s the heart muscle cells that beat rhythmically or red blood cells that deliver oxygen to every part of our body, all specialised, “working cells” have their role to play.

Stem cells are different to our mature working cells: they have an amazing ability to not only make more of themselves, but also to create new tissues when they divide and develop. This is how we make all the functioning cells of the body.

The discovery of stem cells was one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine. With this ability, stem cells play an essential role during the development of the human body after fertilisation.

However, stem cells do not all disappear after the body is fully developed. Some remain in our body as a “reserve”, and are crucial in the recovery of damaged or older tissues. Their ability to produce different kinds of specialized cells makes them so unique and powerful for medical therapy.

Umbilical cord stem cells are “neonatal stem cells” and considered to be earlier than “adult stem cells”. They are less mature (less committed) than stem cells found in the bone marrow or organs of adults or children.

Although, the majority of stem cells are haematopoietic stem cells, cord blood also contains early mesenchymal and other early stem cells in smaller amounts.

Uniquely, umbilical cord derived stem cells are known to have a wider ability than adult stem cells to produce different human tissues.

This amazing discovery is now being applied to develop treatments for serious human diseases. This is why we at Cryo-Save are so excited about using umbilical cord derived stem cells in therapy.

New drug for Type 1 diabetes ‘developed’

Scientists claim to have achieved a major breakthrough in the fight against Type 1 diabetes by developing a treatment which would save the sufferers from a lifetime of insulin injections.

In Type 1 diabetes, the patient’s faulty immune system targets the pancreas. Without treatment, this causes so much damage that it no longer naturally produces insulin to prevent blood sugar rising to levels that become dangerous. Without regular injections, the patient will fall into a coma and die.

Now, an international team says that the new treatment, codenamed DiaPep277, will block the process which causes the body’s immune system to attack the pancreas in people with Type 1 diabetes, and it’ll hit the markets within three years.

The scientists hope that in patients newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the treatment will prevent the disease from developing because it will stop the destruction of vital cells of the pancreas which make insulin.

The drug will also allow the a patient’s body to carry on making its own insulin, eventually allowing their pancreas to recover and make enough to support the body completely, the ’Sunday Express’ reported.

It will also reduce the risk of side effects linked with synthetic insulin which can mirror diabetes complications such as heart disease, stroke and kidney disease that might require a transplant, say the scientists.

Trials are currently taking place at 140 centres in the U.K., including at London’s King’s College Hospital, as well as Europe, North America, South Africa and Israel.

the pancreas.

Dr. Shlomo Dagan, of Andromeda Biotech in Israel, who is leading the research trails, was quoted by the British newspaper as saying, “We have proved in earlier trials that our compound stops the immune system attacking 

“There is evidence to suggest that using the drug over a period of time, maybe a couple of years, will allow the pancreas to recover enough to make more insulin. In that situation the patient could stop injecting insulin.”

Experts have hailed the research.

Dr. Eleanor Kennedy, spokeswoman for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, said: “The research on this shows it may well be possible that patients could cope without the need for any insulin injections. This is very exciting.”

The top five cancer-causing foods

The top five cancer-causing foods
				1. Hot Dogs. Because they are high in nitrates, the Cancer Prevention Coalition advises that children eat no more than 12 hot dogs a month. If you can't live without hot dogs, buy those made withoutsodium nitrate.
				2. Processed meats and Bacon Also high in the same sodium nitrates found in hot dogs, bacon, and other processed meats raise the risk of heart disease. The saturated fat in bacon also contributes to cancer.
				3. Doughnuts Doughnuts are cancer-causing double trouble. First, they are made with white flour, sugar, and hydrogenated oils, then fried at high temperatures. Doughnuts may be the worst food you can possibly eat to raise your risk of cancer.
				4. French fries Like doughnuts, French fries are made with hydrogenated oils and then fried at high temperatures. They also contain cancer- causing acryl amides which occur during the frying process. They should be called cancer fries, not French fries.
5. Chips, crackers, and cookies All are usually made with white flour and sugar. Even the ones whose labels claim to be free of trans-fats generally contain small amounts of trans-fats.
						PASS THIS TO ALL WHOM YOU LOVE & CARE FOR

·        Safety is no formality, it is Priority. Make Safety a Habit.

 

 

The main causes of liver damage.

					The main causes of liver damage.
1. Sleeping too late and waking up too late are main cause. 2. Not urinating in the morning. 3. Too much eating. 4. Skipping breakfast. 5. Consuming too much medication. 6. Consuming too much preservatives, additives, food

colouring, and artificial sweetener.


7. Consuming unhealthycooking oil. As much as possible reduce cooking oil when frying, which includes even the best cooking oils like olive oil. Do not consume fried foods when you are tired, except if the body is very fit. 


8. Consuming raw (overly done) foods also add to the burden of liver. 

Veggies should be eaten raw or cooked 3-5 parts. Fried veggies should be finished in one sitting, do not store.
We should prevent this without necessarily spending more. We just have to adopt a good daily lifestyle and eating habits. Maintaining good eating habits and time condition are very important for our bodies to absorb and get rid of unnecessary chemicals according to 'schedule.'

BRAIN DAMAGING HABITS

1. No Breakfast.	People who do not take breakfast are going to have a lower blood sugar level. This leads to an insufficient supply of nutrients to the brain causing brain degeneration.
2. Overeating.	It causes hardening of the brain arteries, leading to a decrease in mental power.
3. Smoking	It causes multiple brain shrinkage and may lead to Alzheimer disease.
4. High Sugar consumption.	Too much sugar will interrupt the absorption of proteins and nutrients causing malnutrition and may interfere with brain development.
5. Air Pollution.	The brain is the largest oxygen consumer in our 20 body. Inhaling polluted air decreases the supply of oxygen to the brain, bringing about a decrease in brain efficiency.
6. Sleep Deprivation.	Sleep allows our brain to rest... Long term deprivation from sleep will accelerate the death of brain cells...
7. Head covered while sleeping.	Sleeping with the head covered increases the concentration of carbon dioxide and decrease concentration of oxygen that may lead to brain damaging effects.
8. Working your brain during illness.	Working hard or studying with sickness may lead to a decrease in effectiveness of the brain as well as damage the brain.
9. Lacking in stimulating thoughts.	Thinking is the best way to train our brain, lacking in brain stimulation thoughts may cause brain shrinkage.
10. Talking Rarely.	Intellectual conversations will promote the efficiency of the brain.

Okra reduces cholesterol, blood sugar, acid reflux etc

**Benefit of eating Okra (Lady's Finger) *    *A guy has been suffering from constipation for the past 20 years and recently from acid reflux. He didn't realize that the treatmentcould be so simple -- OKRA! (or Lady's Finger). He started eating okra within the last 2 months and since then have never taken medication again. All he did was consume 6 pieces of OKRA everyday.   He's now regular and his blood sugar has dropped from 135 to 98,  with his cholesterol and acid                 reflux also under control. Here are some facts on okra (from the research of Ms. Sylvia Zook, PH.D nutrition), University of Illinois.  *    *"Okra is a powerhouse of valuable nutrients, nearly half of which is  soluble fiber in the form of gums and pectins. Soluble fiber helps to lower serum cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart disease.   The other half is insoluble fiber which helps to keep the intestinal tract healthy, decreasing the risk of some forms of cancer, especially colo-rectal cancer. *  *Nearly 10% of the recommended levels of vitamin B6 and folic acid is also present in a half cup of cooked okra. Okra is a rich source of many nutrients, including fiber, vitamin B6 and folic acid.   He got the following numbers from the University of Illinois Extension Okra Page Please check there for more details.    Okra Nutrition (half-cup cooked okra)  * Calories = 25  * Dietary Fiber = 2 grams  * Protein = 1.5 grams  * Carbohydrates = 5.8 grams * Vitamin A = 460 IU  * Vitamin C = 13 mg * Folic acid = 36.5 micrograms  * Calcium = 50 mg  * Iron = 0.4 mg  * Potassium = 256 mg * Magnesium = 46 mg *     *These numbers should be used as a guideline only, and if you are on a medically-restricted diet                 please consult your physician and/or dietician.   Ms Sylvia W. Zook, Ph.D. (nutritionist) has very kindly provided the following thought-provoking comments on the many benefits of this versatile vegetable.   They are well worth reading  1. The superior fiber found in okra helps to stabilize blood sugar as it  curbs the rate at which sugar is absorbed from the intestinal tract.   2. Okra's mucilage not only binds cholesterol but bile acid carrying toxins dumped into it by the filtering liver. But it doesn't stop there... * * 3. Many alternative health practitioners believe all diseases begin in the colon. The okra fiber, absorbing water and ensuring bulk in stools, helps prevent constipation . Fiber in general is helpful for this but okra is one of the best, along with ground flax seed and psyllium. Unlike harsh wheat bran, which can irritate or injure                 the intestinal tract, okra's mucilage soothes , and okra facilitates elimination more comfortably by its slippery characteristic many people abhor.   In other words, this incredibly valuable vegetable not only binds excess cholesterol and toxins (in bile acids) which cause numerous health problems, if not evacuated, but also assures their easy passage from the body. The veggie is completely non-toxic, non-habit forming (except for the many who greatly enjoy eating it), has no adverse side effects, is full of nutrients, and is economically within reach of most.   4. Further contributing to the health of the intestinal tract, okra fiber(as  well as flax and psyllium) has no                 equal among fibers for feeding the good bacteria (probiotics).    5. To retain most of okra's nutrients and self-digesting enzymes, it should be cooked as little as possible, e.g. with low heat or lightly steamed. Some eat it raw.  .................................................................................................................................................................   Some important benefits of consuming okra:  *   *Stabilises blood sugar level.  Lowers serum cholesterol level.  Prevents constipation.  Keeps intestinal tract healthy.  Feeds good bacteria residing in us all. *  ===========================

Some ways to lower your cancer risk

Stop smoking as it not only causes lung cancer, but also affects one's eyes, skin, heart etc. Also being a smoker, your put your near & dear ones at risk, as they become passive smokers !

Learn to shed your weight, as being over weight  can lead to some cancers like- esophageal, pancreatic, gall bladder, breast, endometrial, and kidney cancers.


Be active, as being active, helps you to lose weight. Eat healthy, as it will increase your life span, by eating more fruits & vegetables, cut down on fats & non-vegetarian foods.


Alcohol consumption can raise your risk of cancer. Smoking & drinking together increases one's chance of getting cancer.


Learn to be stress free, as being stressful all the time, can lead to some types of cancers.




Be regular with your screening tests- as when cancers can be detected early with most tests, they can be easily treated, when detected & treated at an early stage, they chance of survival are more.


Know your family history, as when your parents, or close relatives are cancer survivors, then you may have a chance of getting cancer, so better to go for regular screening tests.

Music soothes nerves, helps to control cancer pain

Music Reduces Anxiety

The results also suggest that music therapy may increase the quality of life of patients. Music also seemed to help with the mood and pain levels of patients, though not depression. And smaller beneficial effects were seen on heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure, the researchers say.

Music and Mood

Music therapists may provide the opportunity for patients to sing, play an instrument, select a particular piece or type of music, or even participate in a discussion about music, according to the American Music Therapy Association.

 In any disease, if one listens to soft music, it is supposed to soothe one's nerves, relax their body & mind. Hence, being clam, helps one to think more clearly, feel happy, forget about pains etc. so, enjoy music.

Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer - symptoms, causes,

Endometrial cancer  is the growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the uterus. The lining is called the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is also called cancer of the uterus, or uterine cancer.

Endometrial cancer usually occurs in women older than 50. The good news is that it is usually cured when it is found early. And most of the time, the cancer is found in its earliest stage, before it has spread outside the uterus.

What causes endometrial cancer?

The most common cause of type I endometrial cancer is having too much of the hormone estrogen compared to the hormone progesterone in the body. This hormone imbalance causes the lining of the uterus to get thicker and thicker. If the lining builds up and stays that way, then cancer cells can start to grow.

Women who have this hormone imbalance over time may be more likely to get endometrial cancer after age 50. This hormone imbalance can happen if a woman:

• Is obese. Fat cells make extra estrogen, but the body doesn't make extraprogesterone to balance it out.
• Takes estrogen without taking a progestin.
• Is taking tamoxifen.
• Has polycystic ovary syndrome, which causes hormone imbalance.
• Starts her period before age 12 or starts menopause after age 55.
• Has never been pregnant or had a full-term pregnancy.
• Has never breast-fed.

What are the symptoms?

The most common symptoms of endometrial cancer include:

• Bleeding or vaginal discharge not related to your period (menstruation).
• Difficult or painful urination.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.
• Pelvic pain.

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?

Endometrial cancer is usually diagnosed with a biopsy. In this test, the doctor removes a small sample of the lining of the uterus to look for cancer cells.

How is it treated?

Endometrial cancer in its early stages can be cured. The main treatment is surgery to remove the uterus plus the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. This is called ahysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The doctor may also remove pelvic and aortic lymph nodes  to see if the cancer has spread.

A woman whose cancer has spread may also have:

• Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells.
• Hormone therapy to block cancer growth.
• Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells.

It’s common to feel scared, sad, or angry after finding out that you have endometrial cancer. Talking to others who have had the disease may help you feel better. Ask your doctor about support groups in your area.

Kidney cancer- transitional cell- renal pelvis, ureter,

Stages of Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter

After transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body.

The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:

• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer has spread within these organs. A contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the contrast dye moves through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages.
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• Ultrasound: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
• Ureteroscopy. A ureteroscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted through the urethra into the ureter. The doctor looks at an image of the inside of the ureter on a computer monitor.
• Surgery: Tissues removed during surgery to treat the transitional cell cancer will be examined by a pathologist.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
• Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
• Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
• Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
• Ureteroscopy: A procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas. A ureteroscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.
  

The following stages are used for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and/or ureter:

Stage 0 (Papillary Carcinoma and Carcinoma in Situ)

In stage 0, abnormalcells are found in tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is divided into stage 0a and stage 0is, depending on the type of tumor:

• Stage 0a may look like tiny mushrooms growing from the lining. Stage 0a is also called noninvasive papillary carcinoma.
• Stage 0is is a flat tumor on the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter. Stage 0is is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage I

In stage I, cancer has formed and spread through the lining of the renal pelvis and/or ureter, into the layer of connective tissue.

Stage II

In stage II, cancer has spread through the layer of connective tissue to the muscle layer of the renal pelvis and/or ureter.

Stage III

In stage III, cancer has spread:

• to the layer of fat outside the renal pelvis and/or ureter; or
• into the wall of the kidney.

Stage IV

In stage IV, cancer has spread to at least one of the following:

• A nearby organ.
• The layer of fat surrounding the kidney.
• One or more lymph nodes.
• Other parts of the body.

Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is also described as localized, regional, or metastatic:

Localized

The cancer is found only in the kidney.

Regional

The cancer has spread to tissues around the kidney and to nearby lymph nodes and blood vessels in the pelvis.

Metastatic

The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

•