Dear Asymptomatic Patients, Coronavirus Can Live in Your Body For 70 Days, Don’t Hurry in Moving Out

If you think being an asymptomatic patient means you can freely go out and have fun, you are mistaken. COVID-19 causing virus can remain in your system for up to 70 days and that means you can spread it to others within this period. Not only this, even if you were a symptomatic patient and now you have recovered, it is better to take precautions and stay confined to your home for at least 70 days, if possible.

According to a new research published in the journal Cell, a 71-year-old woman contracted SARS-CoV-2 and remained positive for 70 days though she did not experience any symptom throughout her treatment. The lady (with underlying health conditions like anemia, leukemia, and chronic leukocytosis) was found to have COVID-19 after she was admitted to a hospital owing to severe anemia

The lady was first tested positive for the novel coronavirus on March 2, 2020, and was declared negative after 105 days of isolation and treatment. Doctors tested the lady for the deadly virus more than 14 times for 15 weeks.

Notably, until now, it has been found that most of the COVID-19 patients remain infectious for around 8 days and others become non-infectious in 20 to 37 days. However, the novel study has proved otherwise and the study results are concerning considering the increasing number of COVID-19 cases worldwide.

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     

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COVID-19: On average 1,000 virus particles transmitted during an infection, study says

Scientists have assessed 750 samples from important COVID-19 superspreading clusters in Austria and found that on average 1,000 infectious virus particles are transmitted from one infected person to the next.

According to the study, published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, these values are overall considerably higher than for other viruses such as HIV or noroviruses which cause gastroenteritis.

'Yet, occasionally we also found infected people who apparently came into contact with fewer virus particles and still became infected,' said study co-author Andreas Bergthaler from the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

'We suspect that parameters such as the application of protective measures, the transmission route, or the immune system may play a decisive role here,' Bergthaler added.

The researchers believe reducing the viral load of infected individuals by a combination of measures such as mouth-nose protection, physical distance, and adequate indoor air exchange play a key role in preventing the spread of the virus.

In the study, the scientists used mutation analysis to reconstruct the SARS-CoV-2 transmission among 76 cases of infection and uncover the cryptic link between two epidemiological clusters.

According to the researchers, a special feature of the study is that they analysed a chain of eight consecutive transmissions.

'The transmission chain started with a returnee from Italy. Within 24 days, the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread in the greater Vienna region via public and social events in closed rooms,' the scientists noted.

'This example illustrates how contact tracing and virus mutation analysis together provide a strong pillar of modern pandemic control,' Bergthaler added.

The scientists also observed the mutation behaviour of the coronavirus during the course of the disease in 31 patients.

'Thanks to excellent epidemiological and our deep virus sequencing data, we could follow how the SARS-CoV-2 virus mutated in one individual and was then transmitted to others,' Bergthaler said.

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IIT Gandhinagar researchers find underlying limb-independent motor memories can help in stroke rehabilitation

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar have discovered that underlying limb-independent motor memories can help in stroke rehabilitation.

Probing how limb-independent memories are acquired, a team of researchers investigated both the algorithm used and the neural machinery causally associated with this process.

A study led by Prateek Mutha, an associate professor at IIT Gandhinagar, has also been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) journal.

"Skilled actions, from a ballerina's pirouette to playing a ghamak on the sitar, are based on the ability to learn new movement patterns and to adapt them to new environments. This ability to learn, store, execute and continuously refine actions is broadly defined as motor learning and is driven by multiple neural mechanisms. Just as learning the list of prime ministers of India results in the formation of a memory that can be later recalled, motor learning also results in the formation of a 'motor memory' that subsequently enables superior movement performance," Mutha said. 

"Interestingly, motor learning comprises representations that are both limb-specific and limb-independent. Using a combination of behavioural experiments and computational modelling of healthy human participants learning of arm movements in a novel environment, we first found that effector-independent memories are forged through implicit learning, or learning without conscious realisation of how a skill is being learned. This mechanism contrasts, for instance, with learning using verbalisable or explicit processes such as those employed when learning a list of words," he added.

The four-member team then delivered high-definition cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over a region of the brain called the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in order to inhibit the underlying neural activity.

"We found that perturbing left but not right hemisphere PPC prior to learning blocked the implicit process and prevented the acquisition of the limb-independent memory. If the left PPC was perturbed after learning had been allowed to occur, the acquired memory was disrupted, and learning failed to generalise across effectors. This work thus established the PPC as an essential neural substrate for learning and storing effector-independent memories," he said.

According to Mutha, the work could potentially help physical therapists better strategise training of an unaffected limb when the affected limb cannot be engaged effectively during rehabilitation of stroke patients with significant weakness on one side of the body or the patients with other unilateral brain injuries.

"First, the fact that deficits in forming effector-independent memories are seen following left but not right hemisphere disruption, suggests that rehabilitation following left versus right hemisphere damage needs to be different. Second, if patients with left hemisphere damage, particularly in the PPC, fail to learn using implicit mechanisms, explicit strategies to accomplish the task goal may need to be provided to them in order to bring about improvements in their actions. Finally, the fact that learning can generalise from one effector to another, suggests that the 'unaffected' limb could be trained during rehabilitation to bring about performance gains on the affected side," he said.

The other members of the team included research scholars Adarsh Kumar, Gaurav Panthi and Rechu Divakar.

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     

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Have a parent with type 2 diabetes? Here’s how you can lessen your risk of getting the disease

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, estimated to account for around 90% of all diabetes cases. It develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin, leading to high blood glucose, also called blood sugar.

Being overweight is believed to be the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Your chances of developing type 2 diabetes are also high if you are age 45 or older, have prediabetes, or certain medical conditions like high blood pressure, or Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Diabetes is also believed to have a strong genetic link, meaning that it tends to run in families.

Some research suggests that having a parent with type 2 diabetes increases your risk of developing the disease by as much as fourfold. The risk goes up to about 50% if both parents have it. So, if you have a parent or sibling affected with the disease, doctors recommend routine testing starting at age 45.

However, having parents or other family members with diabetes does not guarantee that you’ll develop it too. A combination of many other factors that you can control can increase your risk of developing the disease.

How to avoid getting hereditary diabetes

While you can’t do much about inherited abnormal genes, there is a lot you can do to reduce your chances of developing diabetes. Studies have shown that it is possible to delay or prevent Type 2 diabetes by losing weight if you are overweight, eating fewer calories, and being more physically active.

A genetic mutation may make you susceptible to Type 2 diabetes, but certain lifestyle choices can greatly influence how well your body uses insulin. These include:

Lack of exercise

Physical inactivity can cause muscle cells to lose their sensitivity to insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, thus increasing diabetes risk. Regular exercise benefits people with diabetes as well as those at risk for diabetes by helping manage weight, improving blood sugar levels, boosting the body’s sensitivity to insulin, and improving heart health.

Unhealthy diet

A diet high in fat, calories, and cholesterol increases the likelihood of type 2 diabetes. A poor diet can lead to obesity – the single most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes – and other health problems. A healthy diet high in fibre and low in fat, cholesterol, salt, and sugar can help you manage your blood sugar levels and weight.

Being overweight/Obese

Research suggests that obese people (those having a BMI of 30 or greater) are up to 80 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those with a BMI of less than 22. People with excess abdominal fat are much more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. This is because abdominal fat cells can release inflammatory chemicals that reduce the body’s ability to incorporate and utilize insulin. If you’re overweight, losing weight can help improve your body’s ability to effectively respond to insulin and reduce your chances of developing diabetes.

Unhealthy habits, such as smoking and drinking too much alcohol, can contribute to the conditions that cause type 2 diabetes. Quitting these bad habits is better for everyone, whether they have diabetes risk or not.

Note: If you have a family member with Type 2 diabetes, it’s a good idea to regularly check your blood glucose, blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels.

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