3D-Printed Glucose Biosensor Developed for Diabetic Patients

Scientists have developed a 3D-printed glucose biosensor for use in wearable monitors. The advance could lead to improved glucose monitors for millions of people who suffer from diabetes, said researchers.

People with diabetes most commonly monitor their disease with glucose meters that require constant finger pricking.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems are an alternative, but they are not cost effective, according to the research.

Researchers have been working to develop wearable, flexible electronics that can conform to patients' skin and monitor the glucose in body fluids, such as in sweat. To build such sensors, manufacturers have used traditional manufacturing strategies, such as photolithography or screen printing.

While these methods work, they have several drawbacks, including requiring the use of harmful chemicals and expensive cleanroom processing. They also create a lot of waste.

Using 3D printing, the team developed a glucose monitor with much better stability and sensitivity than those manufactured through traditional methods. 

The researchers used a method called direct-ink-writing (DIW), that involves printing ‘inks’ out of nozzles to create intricate and precise designs at tiny scales.

They printed out a nanoscale material that is electrically conductive to create flexible electrodes.

The technique allows a precise application of the material, resulting in a uniform surface and fewer defects, which increases the sensor's sensitivity.

The researchers found that their 3D-printed sensors did better at picking up glucose signals than the traditionally produced electrodes. Since it uses 3D printing, the system is also more customisable for the variety of people's biology, researchers said.

"3D printing can enable manufacturing of biosensors tailored specifically to individual patients." -the researchers said.

Since the 3-D printing uses only the amount of material needed, there is also less waste in the process than traditional manufacturing methods.

"This can potentially bring down the cost," said a researcher.

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A wearable device that is designed to detect abnormalities in breast thermal patterns and tissue elasticity, which can be strong indicators of early stage breast cancer. It consists of two biosensing patches that the user can place on her own brassier. 

The patches collect data that is sent to the user’s phone or tablet through blue-tooth technology, and our Artificial Intelligence algorithms produce a risk assessment within minutes. 

 Thermal Abnormalities

As cancer cells multiply, blood vessels grow around them in a process known as angiogenesis, in order to provide nutrients that allow the tumor to grow. These blood vessel formations are distinguishable from those naturally occurring in the body, and hence breast cancer risk can be assessed by detecting the thermal patterns associated with them.

Tissue Elasticity

Benign and malignant tissues have different elastic properties and hence breast cancer risk can be assessed by quantifying tissue elasticity. Our tactile sensors produce smooth vibrations that excite the breast tissue surrounding the mammary glands, generating elasticity data that our artificial intelligence algorithms study to determine the presence of abnormal masses.

Mode Of Use

The wearable device can be used in the commodity of the user’s home. The user just has to place the device, follow simple instructions on her phone or tablet, and in less than an hour she will have results from her monthly examination. During this time, the user is free to continue with her daily routine as long as she doesn’t engage in intense physical activity and is not heavily exposed to sunlight.

The Oracle Behind The Bra

The device uses state of the art Artificial Intelligence algorithms in order to provide the most reliable results possible with the information collected through its sensors. Our algorithms are in constant refinement, and they learn from each new user they have access to. 

We have fed our algorithms with breast data from about 150 women, and we have obtained a 89% sensitivity (percentage of cancer cases detected as such).

We are confident that our results will only continue to improve as our trials provide more cases for our algorithms to learn from and as our engineers and scientists continue to refine our mathematical models.

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Stroke recovery treatment: new technology found

A new stretchable electronics has been found for stroke recovery treatment which has proven to be a game changer. A groundbreaking new wearable designed to be worn on the throat could have been developed in the field of stroke rehabilitation. The new technology’s sensor is the latest in Prof’s growing portfolio of stretchable electronics that are precise enough for use in advanced medical care and portable enough to be worn outside the hospital, even during extreme exercise.

Rogers’ sensors stick directly to the skin, moving with the body and providing detailed health metrics including heart function, muscle activity, and quality of sleep. “Stretchable electronics allow us to see what is going on inside patients’ bodies at a level traditional wearable simply cannot achieve”, the Prof. said. “The key is to make them as integrated as possible with the human body.”

The Prof’s new bandage-like throat sensor measured patients’ swallowing ability and patterns of speech.

The sensors aid in the diagnosis and treatment of aphasia, a communication disorder associated with stroke.

The tools that speech-language pathologists have traditionally used to monitor patients’ speech function – such as microphones – cannot distinguish between patients’ voices and ambient noise.

“Our sensors solve that problem by measuring vibrations of the vocal chords”, the Prof. said. “But they only work when worn directly on the throat, which is a very sensitive area of the skin. We developed novel materials for this sensor that bend and stretch with the body, minimizing discomfort to patients”.

A research hospital collaborated with scientists for the research, used the throat sensor in conjunction with electronic biosensors – also developed in the lab – on the legs, arms and chest to monitor stroke patients' recovery progress.

The intermodal system of sensors streamed data wirelessly to clinicians’ phones and computers, providing a quantitative, full-body picture of patients’ advanced physical, and physiological responses in real time.

“One of the biggest problems we face with stroke patients is that their gains tend to drop off when they leave the hospital”, said  a research scientist. “With the home monitoring enabled by these sensors, we can intervene at the right time, which could lead to better, faster recoveries for patients”.
Because the sensors are wireless, they eliminated barriers posed by traditional health monitoring devices in clinical settings.

Data from the sensors would be presented in a dashboard that is easy for both clinicians and patients to understand. It would send alerts when patients are under-performing on a certain metric and would allow them to set and track progress toward their goals.

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Researchers develop algorithm for India's first Health monitoring wearable device

Researchers have developed the algorithm for the country's first medical-grade, wearable device with algorithms for deriving vitals in a non-invasive manner, called "VinCense."Developed jointly, which works on mobile health technology, VinCense could be used for unobtrusive monitoring. Vital signs including, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, skin temperature, blood pressure and others were duly recorded through this device. ''The real-time data are stored in the patent-pending secured cloud from where healthcare providers can access vitals using an intuitive interface'', the researchers on Monday said.

VinCense could be deployed for Home Healthcare delivery, Insurance/Analytics and Corporate/Industrial Occupational Health Screening. It also has applications for Non-Communicable Diseases Screening and Surveillance, general Public health, and Community Health.

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Graphene-based sensor could help ward off asthma attacks

Scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick have created a graphene-based sensor that could lead to a wearable device that when blow into predicts the likelihood of an asthma attack.

Asthma affects more than 24 million Americans, nearly 8% of the total population, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2010, more than 439,000 adults and children were hospitalized due to asthma.

Asthma management typically involves taking medication and avoiding irritants. Current noninvasive ways to diagnose and track asthma require expensive and bulky equipment, Rutgers said in a statement. A portable device that predicts an attack could help sufferers ward off attacks rather than react to them by inhaling a drug.

Spirometry, a current diagnostic method, screens for exhaled nitric oxide to identify inflammation of the airway. The Rutgers team created an electrochemical sensor that uses reduced graphene oxide to measure nitrite in exhaled breath, according to the statement.

"Nitrite level in breath condensate is a promising biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory tract," said Clifford Weisel, Ph.D., a professor at Rutgers' Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, who co-authored the study, which was published in Microsystems & Nanoengineering. "Having a rapid, easy method to measure it can help an asthmatic determine if air pollutants are affecting them so they can better manage use of medication and physical activity."

In addition to personal asthma management, the device could also be used in healthcare settings to track the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs and optimize care, Weisel said.

The Rutgers team isn’t the only one working on ways to prevent asthma attacks. Researchers from North Carolina State University developed a wearable system comprising a wristband, chest patch and spirometer that monitors environmental factors—such as humidity and compounds in the air—that could trigger an asthma attack. Eventually, the NC State team hopes to create software that will track a user’s data and automatically warn of an impending attack.

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New wearable device may help treat diabetes

Scientists have developed a new wearable medical device that may help treat type 2 diabetes, even in overweight, disabled or elderly people.

A new study by researchers at Kumamoto University in Japan found that the device can effect visceral fat loss and improve blood glucose (sugar).

Type 2 diabetes is a disease of systemic organ failure due to chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation from the accumulation of excess visceral fat.

 

Metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia attenuate stress resistance in the human body and exacerbate insulin resistance. The ability of insulin to lower blood sugar levels is reduced and insulin secretion is decreased.

The heat shock response (HSR) is activated as a response to stress in the human body, but its function decreased in those with type 2 diabetes.

The research team found that by restoring the function of HSP72, the main protein of HSR, improved glucose-related abnormalities.

The team found that a suitable combination of mild electrical stimulation (MES) with heat shock (HS) activated HSP72 more efficiently.

Researchers developed a belt-type medical device that uses a special type of rubber to transmit MES and HS at the same time.

They then performed a clinical trial of MES and HS on 40 obese men suffering from type 2 diabetes. Results showed a decrease fasting glucose levels, a loss of visceral fat, improve insulin resistance, and a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values.

About half of all subjects (52.5 per cent) achieved less than 7.0 per cent HbA1c, which is a treatment goal for diabetes. The first trial showed that activation of the HSR produced a large therapeutic effect.

In the next clinical trial, 60 obese patients with type 2 diabetes from both genders were given a 12-week treatment with the belt-shaped MES and HS medical device.

Trial subjects received treatments for 60 minutes each time, and were separated into three groups of two, four and seven treatments per week. This determined the most effective treatment frequency.

Improvements in chronic inflammation, fatty liver markers, renal function and lipid profile were also shown.

Adding the MES and HS treatment to a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is the most often used therapeutic drug for diabetes in Japan, showed an even stronger blood glucose improvement.

“This device is very easy to use since it simply attaches to the abdomen, and it has a low-impact on the patient. One can expect the effects to be similar to exercise therapy,” said Tatsuya Kondo, who lead the research.

“Even in patients who have difficulty exercising, such as those who are overweight, elderly, or have some form of disability, this device can be expected to provide acceptable treatment in addition to conventional diabetic medical care,” said Kondo.

The research was published in the journal Scientific Reports. 

 

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