Sugar supplement may be helpful for tumour, cancer treatment

According to a new study, a nutritional supplement called Mannose sugar can help slow down tumour  growth and enhance the effects of chemotherpay with multiple types of cancer.

The results of the study is a step towards understanding how mannose could be used to treat cancer.

Tumours use more glucose than normal, healthy tissues. However, it is very hard to control the amount of glucose in your body through diet alone. In this study, the researchers found that mannose can interfere with glucose to reduce how much sugar cancer cells can use.

"Tumours need a lot of glucose to grow, so limiting the amount they can use should slow cancer progression. The problem is that normal tissues need glucose as well, so we can't completely remove it from the body. In our study, we found a dosage of mannose that could block enough glucose to slow tumour growth in mice, but not so much that normal tissues were affected," said lead study author.

"This is early research, but it is hoped that finding this perfect balance means that, in the future, mannose could be given to cancer patients to enhance chemotherapy without damaging their overall health," he further added.

The researchers first examined how mice with pancreatic, lung or skin cancer responded when mannose was added to their drinking water and given as an oral treatment. They found that adding the supplement significantly slowed the growth of tumours and did not cause any obvious side effects.

To test how mannose could also affect cancer treatment, mice were treated with cisplatin and doxorubicin - two of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs. They found that mannose enhanced the effects of chemotherapy, slowing tumour growth, reducing the size of tumours and even increasing the lifespan of some mice.

Several other cancer types, including leukemia, osteosarcoma, ovarian and bowel cancer, were also investigated. Researchers grew cancer cells in the lab and then treated them with mannose to see whether their growth was affected.

Some cells responded well to the treatment, while others did not. It was also found that the presence of an enzyme that breaks down mannose in cells was a good indicator of how effective treatment was.

"Our next step is investigating why treatment only works in some cells so that we can work out which patients might benefit the most from this approach. We hope to start clinical trials with mannose in people as soon as possible to determine its true potential as a new cancer therapy," said a researcher.

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New breast cancer test may spare patients from chemotherapy

Researchers have developed a new test that can predict the return of the cancer, thus sparing breast cancer patients from unnecessary chemotherapy. The test, called Oncotype DX, analyses the samples of tumour that is removed during surgery and provides a score between 1 and 100 on the likelihood of the cancer returning. “Thousands of women are undergoing unnecessary chemotherapy because of the failure to make this available to everyone,”  a leading breast cancer surgeon was quoted. The test is suitable for women, who have a hormone-driven breast cancer type known as estrogen receptor positive HER2 negative which accounts for most breast cancer patients.

For the study, the team conducted a trial, known as Plan B, and involved over 4,000 patients in 12 centres. Plan B showed that the test was effective both in women whose cancer remained in the breast and in those patients whose cancer had spread to the lymph nodes.  It revealed that 98 per cent of patients with a low recurrence score who avoided chemotherapy after surgery survived at least five years without their cancer returning, showing they did not need chemotherapy, the researchers said. Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating from the breast tissues. Both men and women can be afflicted by it though it’s rarer in men. Along with cervical cancer it’s one of the most common types of cancer that afflicts women. One of the major issues with breast cancer is that it is often not detected soon enough. This is due to low awareness about the disease. Detecting it early can significantly reduce the death risk. 

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Gene-Editing Technology Has Successfully Targeted Cancer's "Command Centre"

The CRISPR gene-editing tool has already shown a lot of potential for helping doctors treat the most stubborn diseases, and now scientists have used it to target the "command centre" of cancerous tumours, stopping their growth and boosting survival rates in mice.

In this new study, CRISPR was aimed directly at fusion genes - formed when two genes combine to form a hybrid, resulting in abnormal proteins which often cause cancer or help it to grow.

These fusion genes also have a unique DNA fingerprint, which researchers from the University of Pittsburgh were able to use to hunt down and modify them. Specially engineered viruses were then applied to replace the fusion genes with cancer-killing ones.

"This is the first time that gene-editing has been used to specifically target cancer fusion genes," says lead researcher, Jian-Hua Luo. " It is really exciting because it lays the groundwork for what could become a totally new approach to treating cancer."

CRISPR lets scientists effectively cut and paste the DNA in cells to fix problems or make improvements, and it has already been used to boost immune cells in the fight against certain types of cancers.

In this case, the researchers went for one of the causes of growth, demonstrating a new way to tackle the disease.

A type of fusion gene called MAN2A1-FER was targeted - previously identified by the same team as being present in certain types of aggressive cancer in the prostate, liver, lungs, and ovaries.

"Other types of cancer treatments target the foot soldiers of the army," explains Luo. "Our approach is to target the command centre, so there is no chance for the enemy's soldiers to regroup in the battlefield for a comeback."

Once modified, the CRISPR-edited, cancer-killing genes were injected into mice carrying human prostate and liver cancer cells. The tumours reduced in size by up to 30 percent, no secondary growths were noted, and all the mice survived until the end of the eight-week test.

In contrast, in a control group of mice that didn't receive the treatment, the cancer tumours increased nearly 40-fold in size, metastasis or cancer spread was common, and all the animals died before the study ended.

Even better, because fusion genes only occur in cancerous cells, healthy cells are left alone.
This could give the new technique a big advantage over chemotherapy, which has numerous unwanted side effects on healthy parts of the body.

Tackling the fusion genes didn't kill off the cancer altogether, but there is hope a refined process could make that a possibility for the future.

More research is also needed to see if this can work as well in humans as it does in mice, but as these were human cancers xenografted to mice, the work so far is much more promising than a traditional mouse study.

"[T]he genome approach described here should in principle be applicable to most human cancers carrying fusion genes," the researchers conclude the paper.

The study has been published in Nature Biotechnology.

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This teen developed a bra that could save you from breast cancer

An 18-year-old male may be the first to develop a bra that can detect breast cancer.

Julián Ríos Cantú from Mexico, along with three of his friends, took home the top prize at the Global Student Entrepreneur Awards this week, winning $20,000 to develop the Eva bra from its current prototype stage.

The Eva works via biosensors that detect changes in breast temperature and texture, since cancerous tumors increase blood flow and therefore skin temps. The sensors are connected to an app, which would log any changes over time. Women would need to wear the bra for at least 60-90 minutes once a week.

Since the bra is in such early stages of development, Anna Perman from Cancer Research U.K. told the BBC it’s unclear if it will really work. “At present, there is no evidence to show whether this bra is a reliable way to detect tumours, and it’s certainly not a good idea for women to use technology that hasn’t been tested in good-quality scientific trials.

“It’s great to see young people like Julian getting into science and having ideas that could help with cancer diagnosis. But an important part of science is rigorous testing, to make sure innovations like this actually benefit patients.”

The project is dear to Ríos Cantú, as his mom almost died of undetected breast cancer when he was 13. At one appointment, the doctor told her that her lumps were malignant, but six months later, another mammogram found they were cancerous.

“The tumor went from having the dimensions of a grain of rice to that of a golf ball in less than six months,” Ríos Cantú says in a video for his company, Higia Tech. “The diagnosis came too late, and my mother lost both of her breasts and, almost, her life.”
Not long after, Ríos Cantú began researching the illness and developing the idea with his friends. He hopes it will be ready to market within the next two years.

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