New AI software can identify types of breast cancers

Scientists are developing a new way to identify the unique chemical 'fingerprints' for different types of breast cancers. These new chemical footprints will be used to train AI (artificial intelligence) software - creating a new tool for rapid and accurate diagnosis of breast cancers.

The team of researchers from Lancaster University and Airedale NHS Foundation Trust are using a specialised chemical analytical technique called Raman Spectroscopy on biopsies to identify the molecular structure of different types of breast cancer, as well as variations within each cancer cell group.

The results of the study were published in the journal Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics.

Raman analysis is able to provide real-time information on cells and can be used to check how the cells are behaving, spreading and emerging elsewhere in the body.

After identifying the chemical fingerprints of breast cancer cells, and observing how they change, the researchers used this information to train complex machine learning algorithms to identify four subtypes of cancer.

The algorithms successfully predicted diagnostic patterns for each subtype with a high level of accuracy ranging between 70 per cent and 100 per cent.

Similar versions of these algorithms have previously been used to identify other forms of caners and diseases such as skin, oral and lung cancers.

The next stage of the research will look at creating databases of the chemical structures of many more different types of breast cancer cells and the forms they can take.

These databases will be then used to train more artificial intelligent algorithms using machine learning - eventually leading to a new diagnostic tool to sit alongside mammograms and MRI scans.

The new algorithms promise to provide rapid information to help medical specialists to make quicker diagnosis.

In addition, the approach will help to determine the state of the disease at various points in its progression and will become critical in planning the therapeutic approach of individual patients.

Professor Ihtesham Rehman, Chair in Bioengineering at Lancaster University and senior author of the study, said: "This research is an important step in developing a new way to identify the chemical structures of different types of breast cancers. We have been able to use these 'fingerprints' to develop complex algorithms that are accurately able to identify cells of four different types of cancer types.

"Vibrational spectroscopy combined with data mining and machine learning has the potential to offer a real-time analysis in biological samples, including cancer, with excellent accuracy - creating a powerful new tool to sit alongside existing techniques and helping medical specialists deliver accurate and timely diagnosis for their patients, and for monitoring the progression of the disease."

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Researchers develop cheaper method to identify aggressive tumours

In a recent study conducted by the researchers at Karolinska Institute in Sweden, a new cheap method has been developed that can identify highly heterogeneous tumours which can become very aggressive in future and therefore needs to be treated more aggressively.

A common feature of cancer cells is alterations in the number of copies in which each chromosome or gene is present in the genome - a phenomenon known as copy number alterations or CNAs. Within the same tumour, cells belonging to different anatomical parts of the tumour may carry different CNAs. Tumours with many CNAs are typically very aggressive and tend to reform more often, even after harsh treatments.

The Bienko-Crosetto Laboratory at Karolinska Institute and Science for Life Laboratory in Sweden have developed a new genomic method, named CUTseq, which can assess the amount and type of CNAs in many different parts of the same tumour, at a much lower cost than existing technologies.
 
A senior researcher at the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, said, "I expect that CUTseq will find many useful applications in cancer diagnostics. Multi-region tumour sequencing is going to be increasingly used in the diagnostic setting, in order to identify patients with highly heterogeneous tumours that need to be treated more aggressively. I believe that our method can play a leading role here."

The method works with DNA extracted from multiple biopsies and even from very small portions of thin tissue sections - the type of sample that pathologists commonly rely on to make a diagnosis of cancer under the microscope.

By tagging the DNA extracted from multiple regions of the same tumour sample with unique molecular barcodes, a comprehensive picture of the heterogeneity of CNAs in a tumour can be obtained with a single sequencing experiment.

Applications of CUTseq are not only limited to cancer diagnostics, according to the researchers behind the new method.

"For example, CUTseq could be used as a platform for cell line authentication and to monitor genome stability in large cell line repositories and biobanks," said a senior researcher at the same department. "It could also be applied in ecology, as an alternative to other reduced representation genome sequencing methods, such as RAD-seq, to assess biodiversity in a cost-effective way," the researcher added.  

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Prostate cancer breakthrough -a new accurate non-invasive test

Some scientists have made a breakthrough in prostate cancer research with a new test that could make spotting the killer disease much easier.

Prostate cancer is the most common among men with one in eight developing the condition at some point in their lives.

Current methods of detecting the illness can prove problematic, but researchers have found a new ultrasound that is less invasive, more accurate and far cheaper.

Cancerous tissue feels harder than normal so an ultrasound is far better equipped to pick it up.

So far 200 people have taken part in the study, but experts want to roll it out further to help save more lives across various places every year.

The team leader for the project, told : 'We have been able to show a stark difference in results between our technology and existing techniques such as MRI.

'The technique has picked up cancers which MRI did not reveal. 

We can now see with much greater accuracy what tissue is cancerous, where it is and what level of treatment it needs. This is a significant step forward.' 

At the moment there is no single test to detect prostate cancer. A combination of MRI scans, biopsies and physical examinations are carried out to help determine if there are higher levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood.

But there is currently no prostate cancer screening programme as PSA tests are often found to be unreliable. This makes the discovery could be a real game changer.

There are 47,000 new cases of the disease in every year and one man dies every 45 minutes as a result of it. 

The new technology used, known as shear wave elastrography (SWE), could help reduce prostate cancer-related fatality rates across the world. 

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Urine ‘sniffing’ test could replace biopsies for prostate cancer

A test that “smells” prostate cancer from urine samples could soon help prevent unnecessary biopsies to detect the onset of the disease, suggests new research.

Thousands of men who undergo the uncomfortable biopsy procedure, prompted by a positive PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test, ultimately do not require cancer treatment. 

The new test, being developed by researchers at Institute of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) in the US, may help do away with the unnecessary biopsies in the near future.

The researchers have identified the molecules likely responsible for the scent of prostate cancer, which could be detected by chemically “sniffing” urine.

The findings are scheduled to be presented at the 253rd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) being held at San Francisco, California, from April 2 to 6.
“The idea for this project started with a study published in 2014 showing that trained canines could detect prostate cancer with greater than 97% accuracy,” said Mangilal Agarwal, the project’s  principal investigator. 

When the prostate cancer study appeared in the Journal of Urology, Agarwal’s lab set out to determine what molecules the dogs might be sensing.

“If dogs can smell prostate cancer, we should be able to, too,” one of the researchers, Amanda Siegel, said.

To determine which molecules wafting from urine could indicate prostate cancer in a patient, the researchers collected urine samples from 100 men undergoing prostate biopsies.To avoid issues that similar studies have had with sample degradation, Agarwal’s team developed a pre-processing step to ensure the samples would remain intact during the analysis. 

Then, they used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the volatile organic compounds floating in the “headspace” above the urine samples. 

With this method, the researchers pinpointed a small set of molecules that showed up in 90% of the samples from patients with prostate cancer but not in samples from those who did not have the disease.

The researchers said their test could become available to patients and doctors within the next few years. 

The screening test that doctors use now to determine whether to perform a biopsy assesses PSA levels in a blood sample. The prostate gland normally produces this protein in small amounts. 

Increased levels, however, can indicate many different conditions besides cancer, including prostate infection. As a result, the test is widely recognised as flawed and often leads to unnecessary biopsies.
 

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New Pill Lightens up Tumour Cells in Breast Cancer

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A new pill will lighten up tumourous cells in breast cancer cases to distinguish exactly between cancerous and benign growths, paving the way for a major shift from the current breast cancer screening methods which fail often to pinpoint lumps from benign to cancerous growth.

"Screening can potentially catch the disease early in some patients, but false positives can lead to unnecessary, aggressive treatments in patients who don’t need them," said Greg Thurber of the University of Michigan in the US.

Currently, mammograms screen breast tissue through X-rays and they give doctors information about a lump’s location and size, but they can not distinguish between cancerous and benign ones which requires further tests such as biopsies, involving surgery and still not 100 percent perfect.

Several patients and doctors begin treatment once suspicious lumps are found, and the painful period ranges from radiation or chemotherapy or surgery, which can take months and leave behind severe side effects. The new pill will help doctors to determine patients who really need treatment and those who do not.

The new pill containing an imaging agent that selectively binds to cancer cells or blood vessels that are unique to tumours will highlight the affected tissue giving clue to doctors about the dye fluoresces under near infrared light. Although at this wavelength, fluorescent tumours can only be detected 1 to 2 centimetres deep, pairing the technique with ultrasound in the same instrument should be able to detect most cancers, Greg Thurber said.

Tested in mice, the formulation’s 50 to 60% was absorbed into the bloodstream and it was able to bind specifically to cancer cells with little background noise in the image. The fluorescent signal from the tumour was far stronger than the signal from other issues.

If the team succeeds to develop the oral pill, the results will save several thousands of women who were found to be cancerous merely because of their dense breast tissues reflecting in mammograms.

In a clinical study of patients in the United States and China, researchers found that a low-cost, portable, battery-powered micro-endoscope developed by Rice University bioengineers could eventually eliminate the need for costly biopsies for many patients undergoing standard endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer.

The research is available online in the journal Gastroenterology and was co-authored by researchers from nearly a dozen institutions that include Rice, Baylor College of Medicine, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the National Cancer Institute.

The clinical study, which involved 147 U.S. and Chinese patients undergoing examination for potentially malignant squamous cell tumors, explored whether Rice's low-cost, high-resolution fiber-optic imaging system could reduce the need for unnecessary biopsies when used in combination with a conventional endoscope -- the worldwide standard of care for esophageal cancer diagnoses.
The study involved patients from two U.S. and two Chinese hospitals: Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, the Cancer Institute and Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing and First University Hospital in Jilin, China.

In the study, all 147 patients with suspect lesions were examined with both a traditional endoscope and Rice's micro-endoscope. Biopsies were obtained based upon the results of the traditional endoscopic exam.

A pathology exam revealed that more than half of those receiving biopsies -- 58 percent -- did not have high-grade precancer or cancer. The researchers found that the microendoscopic exam could have spared unnecessary biopsies for about 90 percent of the patients with benign lesions.

"For patients, biopsies are stressful and sometimes painful," said lead researcher Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Rice's Stanley C. Moore Professor of Bioengineering, professor of electrical and computer engineering and director of Rice 360°: Institute for Global Health Technologies. "In addition, in low-resource settings, pathology costs frequently exceed endoscopy costs. So the microendoscope could both improve patient outcomes and provide a significant cost-saving advantage if used in conjunction with a traditional endoscope."

When examined under a microscope, cancerous and precancerous cells typically appear different from healthy cells. The study of cellular structures is known as histology, and a histological analysis is typically required for an accurate diagnosis of both the type and stage of a cancerous tumor.

To determine whether a biopsy is needed for a histological exam, health professionals often use endoscopes, small cameras mounted on flexible tubes that can be inserted into the body to visually examine an organ or tissue without surgery. Rice's high-resolution micro-endoscope uses a 1-millimeter-wide fiber-optic cable that is attached to the standard endoscope. The cable transmits images to a high-powered fluorescence microscope, and the endoscopist uses a tablet computer to view the microscope's output. The microendoscope provides images with similar resolution to traditional histology and allows endoscopists to see individual cells and cell nuclei in lesions suspected of being cancerous.

By providing real-time histological data to endoscopists, Rice's microendoscope can help rule out malignancy in cases that would otherwise require a biopsy.

"While traditional endoscopy can rule out malignancy and eliminate the need for biopsies for some patients, in a significant number of cases the difference between malignant and benign lesions only becomes apparent through a histological analysis," said study co-author Dr. Sharmila Anandasabapathy, professor of medicine and gastroenterology at Baylor College of Medicine and director of Baylor Global Initiatives and the Baylor Global Innovation Center.

Richards-Kortum's lab specializes in the development of low-cost optical imaging and spectroscopy tools to detect cancer and infectious disease at the point of care. Her research group is particularly interested in developing technology for low-resource settings, and the microendoscope was developed as part of that effort. It is battery-operated, inexpensive to operate and requires very little training. Results from the clinical study verified that both experienced and novice endoscopists could use the microendoscope to make accurate assessments of the need for a biopsy.

Clinical studies of Rice's microendoscope are either planned or underway for a dozen types of cancer including cervical, bladder, oral and colon cancers.

"More than half of cancer deaths today occur in the developing world, often in low-resource areas," Anandasabapathy said. "The World Health Organization and other important international bodies have called for increased global focus on noncommunicable diseases like cancer, and Rice's microendoscope is a great example of what the right kind of technology can do to change health care in low-resource countries."

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