Did you know the fetus too has gut bacteria ?

The human microbiome is estimated to consist of over a trillion bacteria in a single person, with 10 times the number of microbial cells to every human cell.

 

Fetus has its own microbiome or communities of bacteria living in the gut which helps them to develop their immune system and metabolism.

Researchers also confirmed that fetal microbiome is transmitted from the mother.

These findings open the door to potential interventions during pregnancy to stimulate the fetal microbiome when a premature birth is expected, to help the baby grow faster and be better equipped to tolerate early life infection risk.

"Our study provides strong proof that a complex microbiome is transmitted from the mother to the fetus," said senior author.

"Unlike other studies relying only on next-generation DNA sequencing, we validated our sequencing results with microscopy and culture techniques, to resolve a decades-long controversy about the existence of a fetal microbiome," continued the Dr.

Now we can pursue ways to boost the development of the fetal immune system and metabolism by stimulating mom's microbiome. Our findings point to many promising opportunities for much earlier intervention to prevent future disease," added the Dr.

The human microbiome is estimated to consist of over a trillion bacteria in a single person, with 10 times the number of microbial cells to every human cell.

Research has established that specific microbiome characteristics play causal roles in obesity, allergy, asthma, diabetes, autoimmune disease, depression and a variety of cancers.

"Establishing a dynamic microbiome in the fetus leads us to suspect that controlled exposure to microbes trains the developing immune system and metabolism," said the Dr.

"We need more research to better understand the mechanisms involved and how we can intervene to improve children's health at the start of life and beyond," concluded the Dr.

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Malaria linked to 30 per cent higher risk of heart failure

A new research has warned that malaria infection is linked to 30 per cent higher risk of heart failure. The mosquito-borne infection affects more than 219 million people worldwide each year, according to 2018 statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO).

“We have seen an increase in the incidence of malaria cases and what is intriguing is that we have seen the same increase in cardiovascular disease in the same regions,” said the first author of the study,  a postdoctoral research fellow.

“Even though we have taken preventive measures to decrease the malaria numbers, it remains a major burden,” he said.

The researchers used Danish nationwide registries to identify patients with a history of malaria infection between January 1994 and January 2017. The mean age of patients in the study was 34 and 58 per cent of the subjects were male.

Around 4,000 malaria cases were identified, with 40 per cent having plasmodium falciparum, a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites that is responsible for majority of severe malaria cases in humans.

The 11-year follow-up of patients revealed 69 cases of heart failure, which were very high as compared to the general population, and 68 cases of cardiovascular death, which were considered within normal range.

These patients had a 30 per cent increased likelihood of developing heart failure over the follow-up time,” he said.

While more research will be needed to further validate the findings, recent studies have suggested that malaria could be a contributor to functional and structural changes in the myocardium, which is the muscle tissue of the heart.

Experimental studies have also shown that malaria may affect the blood pressure regulatory system causing hypertension, which is a contributor to heart failure.

Malaria can also affect vascular pathways that cause inflammation in the heart, which could lead to fibrosis and then heart failure.

According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), a combination of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are among the most common risk factors for heart failure.

The findings were presented at the ESC Congress 2019 together with the World Congress of Cardiology in Paris.

Among the high malaria burden countries, India has made substantial progress in disease control. The malaria burden has declined by over 80 per cent — malaria cases came down to 0.39 million in 2018 from 2.03 million cases in 2000. Malaria deaths in India have declined by over 90 per cent — from 932 deaths in 2000 to 85 in 2018, according to Indian Council of Medical Research. 

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Leave These 7 Types of Bumps and Blemishes Alon

As tempting as it may be to pick at that unsightly zit on your face, skin-care experts agree that when it comes to bumps and blemishes, a hands off approach is your best bet. Popping a zit causes your skin to break apart, making it vulnerable to infection and permanent damage like scarring and broken blood vessels. So, keep your complexion fresh and flawless with these handy tips:    
Ingrown Hairs

As frustrating as ingrown hairs may be, it is not worth picking at them. Ingrown hairs occur when the hair shaft becomes trapped beneath the skin's surface. The red bumps that follow tend to be itchy and inflamed, though using tweezers or manual force to pluck them out will break the skin, can lead to further inflammation and infection. At times, doing so may also lead to dangerous complications like a staph infection or sepsis (bacteria that can cause a multitude of diseases) further down the road.
Treat it: Apply hydrocortisone, which reduces redness, itchiness and irritation, and wash the affected area with an exfoliating cleanser, helping the hair reach the skin's surface.

Milia
Tiny white bumps are often known as milia. They appear on your face and refuse to pop no matter how hard you try. These bumps often appear to be hard, white cysts under the skin, so much so that picking at them has little to no effect. In fact, trying to pop milia will only leave your skin red, irritated and inflamed. The difference between this kind of pimple, compared to others, is that milia is not actually dirt, oil or grime, but trapped skin cells.
Treat it: Schedule an appointment with your dermatologist who will most likely extract it with a heated sterilized tool.
 
Keratosis Pilaris
Better known as chicken skin, this skin condition occurs as a build-up of the protein keratin (which protects the skin, hair and nails from infection and other harmful environmental toxins. The buildup forms a plug that blocks the opening of a hair follicle. Picking at the lesions can cause it to worsen and increase effects like redness and the potential for scarring as well.
Treat it: Use a chemical exfoliant that contains salicylic acid or glycolic acid, which will help calm inflammation down. If it doesn't go away, be sure to visit a dermatologist.

Touching these pesky bumps can cause them to spread, leading to the formation of another sore. Popping them also releases a blister-like fluid that contains the same virus, which can spread to other areas. As irritating as they may be, these blisters are caused by the herpes simplex virus which can be transmitted from one area of the body to another, through touching.
Treat it: Small sores generally heal over time with over-the-counter treatments. However, if you notice cold sores that are more frequent or spreading, seek professional treatment. Bear in mind that until the cold sore has become dormant, avoid kissing anyone, including your significant other.

Cystic Acne
This type of pimple forms a red, tender nodule that is both painful and hard to treat. The inflammation that accompanies cystic acne can hinder the healing process, leading to permanent scarring that is difficult to eliminate.
Treat it: To treat the situation properly and eliminate scarring book an appointment with your dermatologist.

 Blackheads
While blackheads are not as unsightly as red and inflamed spots, they can cause havoc on our complexion, especially when they colonize in pairs or groups. Just like whiteheads, blackheads are pores that become clogged with oil - except that the oil has oxidized after being exposed to the air, giving it a black or brownish hue. Squeezing blackheads forces the bacteria even deeper, causing trauma to the skin.
Treat it: Work the oil and dirt out of your face by using an exfoliating face wash.

Whiteheads

While whiteheads may seem pretty easy to pick at, when squeezed whiteheads release a mix of acne bacteria, oil and skin cells. Therefore a tiny pop can result in spreading that bacteria throughout your face. Picking at a whitehead also forces the bacteria deep into your skin and it can also transfer more bacteria from your fingers to your face.
Treat it: Allow the acne to clear on its own. Your body knows how to repair this damage by producing collagen - a substance that gives the skin support.

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8 Medical Conditions Often Misdiagnosed in Women

No one has ever called medicine an easy job, and there’s a reason why doctors spend a decade of their life merely preparing for their career. It’s one of the highest-pressure jobs, where people’s lives are quite literally in your hands. Often enough, it comes down to guesswork, as doctors don’t always have the tools to give a foolproof diagnosis, but missing the mark could potentially cause irreversible harm to the patient. This is why we should strive to make their jobs easier, by familiarizing ourselves with important symptoms and describing what we’re experiencing in the most accurate manner.
 

This is particularly true of conditions that are specific to women or that affect women at higher rates, as well as symptoms that are unique to women, as doctors are especially prone to misdiagnosis in these cases, and ruling a stroke or a heart attack out as a mild fever could very well mean death. If you feel like your doctor is giving you the wrong diagnosis, voice your concerns. If he or she do not budge, seek a second opinion.

Here are several conditions and their symptoms that you should definitely be aware of:

Stroke

Strokes are among the leading causes of death and disability, and while you may be familiar with some of the general symptoms which may indicate an impending stroke, such as blurred eyesight in either or both eyes, numbness in one side of the body, garbled speech, problems comprehending speech and loss of balance and coordination, you may not be aware that there are other symptoms that are unique to women and are often misdiagnosed. Those include nausea, seizures, shortness of breath, painful and sudden hiccups, fainting and a general weakness.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects 2-8% of the population, with women being affected at twice the rate as men. Typical symptoms include chronic pain, tiredness, sleep deprivation and forgetfulness. As many of the symptoms are rather non-specific and characteristic of other conditions, it is often misdiagnosed. One telltale sign of fibromyalgia are specific points that are more sensitive to pain than others. A combination of these tender points might reflect fibromyalgia affliction: elbows, knees, buttocks, shoulders, chest, neck and the base of the skull.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a particularly harsh infection that’s transmitted by ticks and can cause facial paralysis, severe brain damage and impairment of motor capabilities if left untreated. The most common and recognizable sign of Lyme is a dark rash where the tick bit into the skin, surrounded by a secondary “halo” rash, giving the appearance of a bull’s eye. But the rash doesn’t always look that way, and as many as 30% of people who contact Lyme disease don’t have any rash at all. Other symptoms have been likened to flu: headaches, stiffness, fever and discomfort.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (or IBS) is a cause for much discomfort that can easily be confused with other conditions such as bowel inflammation, H. pylori infection, celiac and parasites.
IBS is characterized by bloating, lack of appetite, gas, and irregular stools (either diarrhea or constipation). Women are three times more likely to be affected by IBS, and many report that the symptoms are worsened by menstruation.

Depression

Even as our world is progressing towards equality, there is still a lot more progress to be made, as misogyny is still very real and haunts women wherever they go, even in the field of medicine. Many women who complain to a doctor about experiencing symptoms of depression are treated as if it’s a “mood swing” that will fade in time. Depression is a very serious mental condition that can have various catalysts and can manifest in different ways, such as listlessness, fatigue, inability to savor things that would regularly bring you joy, social withdrawal, self-doubt and rumination over your shortcomings and more.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a well-known condition that afflicts millions of women worldwide, yet for reasons unknown, doctors seem very hesitant to diagnose it. Endometriosis occurs when cells of the same type as the ovarian lining grow outside of the ovaries, it causes intense pelvic pain in many of the afflicted women. Around half of the afflicted women become infertile, with endometriosis being one of the leading causes of infertility. If all of this wasn’t bad enough, another common symptom is pain during intercourse. Although there is no cure for endometriosis, early diagnosis could help mitigate the symptoms, slow its progress and prevent infertility.

Lupus

Lupus is an incurable, genetically-transmitted disease that shares many of its symptoms with other auto-immune diseases and conditions that afflict women at higher rates than men. Women are nine times more likely to contract lupus than men (though the prognosis tends to be worse for men afflicted). Lupus used to be considered a terminal disease, but these days, 90% of people living with lupus are able to live a full life. Because of the effective treatment, it is incredibly important to diagnose it in time. The most telltale sign of lupus is a rash over the nose and cheeks in a shape similar to a butterfly.

Heart Attack

Heart attack is one of the most vicious killers around, and though the most common and obvious sign of a heart attack is chest pain, there are many other signs that have nothing to do with the chest, and women who go through cardiac arrest report experiencing those at a higher rate than men. These symptoms include: dizziness, unusual fatigue, sweat, nausea, shortness of breath and pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, back, and either of the shoulders or arms.

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                    PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/                                                                                                                                                         FOR INFO ABOUT KNEE REPLACEMENT, YOU CAN VIEW MY BLOG-                                                  https:// kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com/           

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Alzheimer protein can be transmitted

A study into proteins linked to Alzheimer’s disease has flagged the contamination of surgical instruments during brain operations, after researchers found that the proteins could potentially be transmitted.

The current study, done by a team, follows up on one conducted in 2015 when researchers examined brains of individuals who had died due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). These individuals had been treated with growth hormones in their childhood, and until 1985, such hormones were derived from the brains of deceased persons.

The 2015 findings found links between the growth hormone injections and deposits of beta-amyloid proteins in the individuals. Such deposits are regarded as a hallmark of the Alzheimer’s disease.

For the current study, the researchers tracked down old stocks of the growth hormone and found some of the samples to contain significant levels of beta-amyloid proteins and tau proteins — presence of both these proteins is crucial for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In further experiments, the team injected the contaminated hormones into the brain of mice that had been genetically modified. The mice brain later developed clumps of protein typical of Alzheimer’s.

Groups of the same mice that had been injected with synthetic growth hormone showed no such patterns. These findings support the hypothesis that beta-amyloid proteins were accidentally transmitted to patients through this medical treatment, which is now defunct.

"It is well known that the abnormal proteins seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been transmitted between patients by certain medical and surgical procedures. We have been investigating whether the same can be true for amyloid beta," says one of the authors of the study.

“We have found new evidence that amyloid beta pathology may be transmissible. This does not mean that Alzheimer's disease can be transmitted, as we did not find any significant amount of pathological tau protein which is the other hallmark protein of Alzheimer's disease. Our findings relate to neurosurgical procedures done a long time ago. Nevertheless, the possibility of pathological protein transmission, while rare, should factor into reviews of sterilisation and safety practices for surgical procedures."

One of the authors, adds in a press note: “It is most important to emphasise that there is no suggestion in our work that you can catch Alzheimer’s disease (or CJD) by contact with a person with the disease. Our findings highlight the need to do further research in this area.”

He says further: “We suggested that the human growth hormone—which prior to 1985 was prepared from human tissue—may have been contaminated with seeds of this material as well as the prions causing CJD… We have now provided experimental evidence to support our hypothesis that amyloid beta pathology can be transmitted to people from contaminated materials.

We cannot yet confirm whether medical or surgical procedures have ever caused Alzheimer’s disease itself in people, or how common it might be to acquire amyloid pathology in this way. It will be important to review risks of transmission of amyloid pathology by other medical procedures still done today, including instruments used in brain surgery, drawing on other research and what we already know about accidental CJD transmission.”

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                 PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/                                                                                                                                                                             FOR INFO ABOUT KNEE REPLACEMENT, YOU CAN VIEW MY BLOG-                                               
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