Six health conditions you can inherit from your mother

Genetics have a huge role to play in our health and well-being. As per the research from the Institute of Cancer Research at the University of London, there are 57 per cent chances that a girl will start menstruating within three months of the date when her mother first began to menstruate. So, yes genes do play a role.

Here are six health conditions that you can inherit from mother.

​Heart disease

If your mother had a heart attack, your chances of getting it increases by 20 per cent. A study from Oxford University showed that your chances of getting a stroke also increase if your mother has suffered one. This happens because the inherited vascular disease affects the coronary artery in the heart as well as the cerebral artery in the brain.

​Breast cancer

Women carrying mutated gene BRCA1 or BRCA2 are more at risk of developing breast cancer. Most women who have this defective gene develop breast cancer at an early age.

It’s extremely important for women to get mammograms after the age of 40. If any of your relatives have breast cancer, you should get genetically screened. Women who have a family history of breast cancer get prophylactic mastectomies to reduce their chances of developing cancer.

​Alzheimer’s

The Alzheimer Society has found that the Alzheimer gene can be passed on. If your mother is suffering or has suffered from Alzheimer, your chances of getting dementia increase by 30 – 50 per cent.

Keeping a check on your weight, getting your blood pressure and cholesterol monitored regularly and leading an overall healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk of developing dementia by almost 20 per cent.

​Depression

Mental illnesses are known to run in families. There is a 10 per cent chance of you inheriting depression if you have a family history of it.

Take proper sleep, watch your alcohol intake and manage stress levels to reduce your chances of getting depression.

​Migraine

You might be shocked to know but there are 70 – 80 per cent chances that you might suffer from migraine if your mother did. The flawed gene that causes headache can be passed on.

Some common migraine triggers include sensitive foods like chocolate, cheese, coffee, citrus fruit and red wine. Also, girls need to really take care of their hormones during the menstrual cycle as it can set them off.

​Early menopause

If your mother had early menopause, your chances of following her footsteps increase by 70 – 85 per cent. The average age of menopause is 51, but one in every 20 women gets it even before the age of 46.

There is nothing you can do to prevent early menopause, though you can meet your doctor to get advice. 

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Did you know the fetus too has gut bacteria ?

The human microbiome is estimated to consist of over a trillion bacteria in a single person, with 10 times the number of microbial cells to every human cell.

 

Fetus has its own microbiome or communities of bacteria living in the gut which helps them to develop their immune system and metabolism.

Researchers also confirmed that fetal microbiome is transmitted from the mother.

These findings open the door to potential interventions during pregnancy to stimulate the fetal microbiome when a premature birth is expected, to help the baby grow faster and be better equipped to tolerate early life infection risk.

"Our study provides strong proof that a complex microbiome is transmitted from the mother to the fetus," said senior author.

"Unlike other studies relying only on next-generation DNA sequencing, we validated our sequencing results with microscopy and culture techniques, to resolve a decades-long controversy about the existence of a fetal microbiome," continued the Dr.

Now we can pursue ways to boost the development of the fetal immune system and metabolism by stimulating mom's microbiome. Our findings point to many promising opportunities for much earlier intervention to prevent future disease," added the Dr.

The human microbiome is estimated to consist of over a trillion bacteria in a single person, with 10 times the number of microbial cells to every human cell.

Research has established that specific microbiome characteristics play causal roles in obesity, allergy, asthma, diabetes, autoimmune disease, depression and a variety of cancers.

"Establishing a dynamic microbiome in the fetus leads us to suspect that controlled exposure to microbes trains the developing immune system and metabolism," said the Dr.

"We need more research to better understand the mechanisms involved and how we can intervene to improve children's health at the start of life and beyond," concluded the Dr.

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Immune system of new born is transferred from mothers

To help the newborn immune system learn to discriminate between friend and foe, mothers transfer antibodies to their infants via the placenta, recent findings suggest.

As part of a recent study, a team of researchers has determined how a pregnant woman's vaccine-induced immunity is transferred to her child, which has implications for the development of more effective maternal vaccines.
 
"Newborns arrive into the world on the first day of life with brand-new immune systems that, like the children themselves, need to learn to cope with both helpful and harmful microbes in their environment," explained  co-senior author of the study.

According to the researchers, to help the newborn immune system learn to discriminate between friend and foe, mothers transfer antibodies to their infants via the placenta.

The rules by which the placenta performs this absolutely essential function have been unknown but if decoded, could hold the key to generating more powerful vaccines to protect these most precious patients.

While maternal antibodies against some diseases such as measles can be transferred from mother to infant, providing some protection until the child is old enough for individual vaccination, antibodies to other serious diseases like polio are less efficiently transferred.

To investigate the mechanisms by which antibodies are transferred from mother to child, the team of researchers used a novel tool called system serology to compare the quantity and quality of antibodies against pertussis in blood samples from mothers and from the umbilical cords that carry blood, nutrients and immune factors from the placenta to the infant.

Their investigation revealed that the placenta preferentially sifts out and delivers to the infant antibodies that activate natural killer (NK) cells, key elements of the innate immune system. While several important immune cells are too immature in newborns to provide effective protection, NK cells are among the most abundant and functional immune cells during the first days of life.

The team found a similar preference for the placental transfer of NK-activating antibodies against influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, a common disease of childhood, and also identified antibody features that appear to regulate placental selection, features that could possibly be built into next-generation vaccines with improved mother-to-child antibody transfer.

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Anti-dengue drug could protect mom and foetus from Zika

An anti-dengue antibody-based drug could potentially protect a mother and her foetus from the deadly Zika virus as well, suggests new research. In experiments with mice, the researchers found that an antibody that protects against dengue virus is also effective against Zika. “We found that this antibody not only neutralises the dengue virus but, in mice, protects both adults and foetuses from Zika disease,” said  senior author of the study. Antibodies remain in the bloodstream for weeks, so one or a few doses of an antibody-based drug given over the course of a woman’s pregnancy potentially could protect her foetus from Zika, with the added benefit of protecting her from both Zika and dengue disease, the researchers said.

Dengue causes high fever, severe headaches, and joint and muscle pain in children and adults but does not directly harm fetuses. Since dengue and Zika are related viruses, the researchers reasoned that an antibody that prevents dengue disease may do the same for Zika. To study the effect of the drug, the scientists infected non-pregnant adult mice with Zika virus and then administered one of the anti-dengue antibodies one, three or five days after infection. For comparison, another group of mice was infected with Zika virus and then given a placebo.

Within three weeks of infection, more than 80 per cent of the untreated mice had died, whereas all of the mice that received the anti-dengue antibody within three days of infection were still alive, and 40 per cent of those that received the antibody five days after infection survived. To find out whether the antibody also could protect fetuses from infection, the researchers infected female mice on the sixth day of their pregnancies with Zika virus and then administered a dose of antibody or a placebo one or three days later.

On the 13th day of gestation, the amount of Zika’s genetic material were significantly lower in the placentas and in the foetal heads from the pregnant mice that were treated one day after infection, compared with mice that received the placebo. However, administering the antibody three days after infection was less effective, the findings showed. These findings suggest that for the antibody to effectively protect fetuses from Zika infection, it must be administered soon after infection. Such a goal may be unrealistic clinically because women rarely know when they get infected. However, giving women the antibody as soon as they know they are pregnant could provide them with a ready-made defense against the virus should they encounter it.

 “We mutated the antibody so that it could not cause antibody enhancement of dengue infection, and it was still protective,” said the Dr. “So now we have a version of the antibody that would be therapeutic against both viruses and safe for use in a dengue-endemic area, because it is unable to worsen disease,” Dr. added.

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Can Parents' Weight Hinder Toddlers' Development?

Children who have obese parents may show signs of developmental delays, such as poor social skills, by the time they're 3 years old, a new study suggests.

The specific developmental problems seem to differ depending on whether the mother, father or both parents are obese, according to researchers from the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

"Specifically, mothers' obesity was associated with a delay in achieving fine-motor skills, and fathers' obesity in achieving personal and social skills -- that includes skills for interacting with others," said lead researcher Edwina Yeung. She's an investigator in the institute's division of intramural population health research.

"When both parents were obese, it meant longer time to develop problem-solving skills," she added.

However, one pediatric neurologist not involved with the research isn't convinced that the study authors proved their case.

And Yeung acknowledged the same. "We used observational data, which doesn't allow us to prove cause and effect, per se," she explained.

The researchers did find that, compared with children of normal-weight mothers, children of obese mothers were 67 percent more likely to fail a test of fine-motor skills (using their hands and fingers) by age 3.

In addition, children of obese fathers were about 71 percent more likely to fail tests of personal and social skills, which may indicate how well they relate to and interact with others, by age 3, the researchers said.

Children whose mother and father were both obese were nearly three times more likely to fail tests of problem-solving ability by age 3, the findings suggested.

According to Yeung, about 2 percent to 4 percent of the children failed any single test.

Yeung said she can't explain the apparent connection between parental obesity and kids' developmental problems. For maternal obesity, some animal studies have suggested that inflammation could affect the fetal brain, she said.

With paternal obesity, the effect on offspring might be due to either gene mutations or other inherited genetic factors in sperm, Yeung said.

Most research into understanding child health and development has focused on mothers and their pregnancies. "Our findings suggest that factors from fathers may also play a role and deserve attention," Yeung said.

The report was published online Jan. 2 in the journal Pediatrics.

One child health expert doesn't think obese parents should be overly concerned by this study.

"Children of obese parents are not doomed to have developmental problems," said Dr. Ian Miller. He is a pediatric neurologist and director of neuroinformatics at Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami.

Any medical condition that affects the brain -- such as lead-poisoning, sickle cell disease, iron-deficiency anemia, autism, epilepsy or cerebral palsy -- can cause developmental problems, Miller said. He isn't ready, however, to add obesity to that list.

No matter whether parents are obese, normal weight or underweight, every child who might have a developmental problem should be screened and given help and therapy, he suggested.

Obesity may be a marker for increased risk of these problems, Miller said. The risk for developmental problems is low among all children, including those of obese parents. "It's not a 'sky is falling' type of scenario," he said.

For the study, Yeung and her colleagues collected data on more than 5,000 women and their children who were part of the Upstate KIDS study, which sought to determine if fertility treatments could affect child development from birth through age 3.

The women were enrolled in the study about four months after giving birth in New York state (excluding New York City) between 2008 and 2010.

About one in five pregnant women in the United States is overweight or obese, Yeung said.

To check the children's development, parents completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire after doing a series of activities with their children, Yeung said.

The test doesn't diagnose specific problems, but is a screen for potential problems, so that children can be referred for further testing, she explained.

Children were tested at 4 months of age, and six more times through age 3 years. Mothers also gave information on their health and weight, both before and after pregnancy, and the weight of their partners, Yeung said.

Yeung said more studies are needed to explore this study's findings.

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