Are you a cardiac patient who experiences exercise-induced chest pain? You may not need a stent implant

Stents have been the saviour for many cardiac patients experiencing chest pain. But a landmark study presented at the American Heart Association’s annual meeting in Philadelphia, suggests that inserting stents might be unnecessary in some of these cases. It points out that medication along with lifestyle changes may be enough for managing exercise-induced chest pain patients suffering from heart diseases.

What is exercise-induced chest pain?

Exercise increases our body’s oxygen requirement. Meeting this requirement during a workout session gets hard for heart patients at times, which causes chest pain. There are different types of heart diseases. Focus group of this study included patients with ischemic heart disease. In this condition the patients have plaque buildup in their coronary arteries which transport blood to the heart. Accumulation of plaque narrows the arteries down making it difficult for the arteries to pump blood, especially during an exercise. This causes chest pain and the condition is called angina. However, it subsides when the patients rest. In the medical fraternity, this is known as stable angina. Though this condition isn’t considered as a medical emergency, it requires a cardiologist’s attention for sure.

What does the new research say?

So far, doctors have been recommending stent procedure in case of exercise-induced chest pain caused by shortage of blood supply to the heart. This is because lack of blood supply to the cardiac muscles may lead to death. However, findings of the new study suggest that doctors need to rethink their approach as medications such as aspirin and drugs can treat these exercise-induced chest pains simply by managing high cholesterol levels. Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that promotes plaque build-up. The study looked at 5,179 patients in 37 countries. The results showed that blood pressure drugs such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers taken for high cholesterol can work just as effectively. For this condition, the study also recommended lifestyle modifications like weight loss initiatives, cutting down saturated fat and quitting smoking.

Stent procedure and its complications

Inserting stent in the heart arteries or any other part of the body is a surgical procedure. It comes with all the complications of any surgical intervention. A slight slack or mistake by the doctor can prove to be dangerous. Moreover, the stent metal can also lead to an allergic reaction. Other complications associated with inserting a stent are internal bleeding, infection, breathing problems due to anesthesia, blood clots and re-narrowing of the artery.

Lifestyle modifications for exercise-induced chest pain

The cornerstone of managing exercise-induced chest pain is medication. However, as the new research already mentioned, lifestyle modification is also important in handling the condition. If you are a smoker, it is essential to join a smoking cessation programme as the link between this habit and coronary artery issues is well-established. Your body weight can be a significant contributing factor behind angina. Consult a nutritionist for proper dietary guidelines. She may advise reducing overall fat intake, and including a lot of fruits and vegetables in your meals among others.

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Now detect tumours with radiation-free scanning technique

Scientists have developed a new technique to scan young cancer patients' bodies for tumours without exposing them to radiation.

The technique could reduce patients' risk of developing secondary cancers later in life, 

researchers said. The new method developed by researchers from the Stanford 

University Medical Center and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford is a 

modification of magnetic resonance imaging that employs a novel contrast agent to find 

tumours. Researchers found that the MRI-based method is as effective as cancer-

detection scans that use ionising radiation - specifically, positron emission tomography-

computed tomography. Although whole-body PET-CT technology provides essential 

information for detecting cancer, it has one big drawback: A single scan exposes the 

patient to as much radiation as 700 chest X-rays. This exposure is especially risky for 

children and teenagers, who are more vulnerable to radiation than adults because they 

are still growing. Children are also more likely to live long enough to develop a second 

cancer. "I'm excited about having an imaging test for cancer patients that requires zero 

radiation exposure," said senior author Heike Daldrup-Link, associate professor of 

radiology at Stanford and a diagnostic radiologist at the hospital. The research team 

compared the modified MRI technique to standard PET-CTs in 22 patients ages 8 to 33 

who had lymphoma or sarcoma. These cancers originate in the immune system and the 

bones, respectively. Both cancers can spread throughout tissues such as bone marrow, 

lymph nodes, liver and spleen. In the past, several hurdles prevented physicians from 

using whole-body MRIs to look for tumours. The scans take up to two hours. A whole-

body PET-CT takes only a few minutes. More importantly, in many organs, MRI does not 

distinguish healthy from cancerous tissue. And existing contrast agents - chemicals 

injected into the body to make tumours visible - leave the tissues too quickly to be used in 

a lengthy, whole-body MRI. To find tumours via MRI, the Stanford team used a new 

contrast agent consisting of nanoparticles of iron. Injections of these iron nanoparticles 

are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat anemia, and the 

researchers obtained FDA permission for the experimental use. The nanoparticles are 

retained in the body for many days. On MRIs, they cause blood vessels to appear 

brighter, providing anatomic landmarks. The nanoparticles also cause healthy bone 

marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen to appear darker, making tumours stand out. The 

PET-CTs detected 163 of 174 total tumours in the 22 patients; the MRIs found 158 of 174 

tumours, researchers said. 

The study was published in The Lancet Oncology.

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Gene critical to process of 'memory extinction' identified

Scientists have discovered a gene that is critical to the process of memory extinction, the phenomenon where conditioned responses fade away as older memories are replaced with new experiences.

The study  has found that enhancing the activity of this gene, known as Tet1, might benefit people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by making it easier to replace fearful memories with more positive associations.

Researccher along with his team studied mice with the Tet1 gene knocked out. Tet1 and other Tet proteins help regulate the modifications of DNA that determine whether a particular gene will be expressed or not.

The researchers found that mice without Tet1 were perfectly able to form memories and learn new tasks. However, when the team began to study memory extinction, significant differences emerged.

To measure the mice's ability to extinguish memories, the researchers conditioned the mice to fear a particular cage where they received a mild shock. Once the memory was formed, the researchers then put the mice in the cage but did not deliver the shock. After a while, mice with normal Tet1 levels lost their fear of the cage as new memories replaced the old ones.

"What happens during memory extinction is not erasure of the original memory," he said. "The old trace of memory is telling the mice that this place is dangerous. But the new memory informs the mice that this place is actually safe. There are two choices of memory that are competing with each other."

In normal mice, the new memory wins out. However, mice lacking Tet1 remain fearful.

In another set of experiments involving spatial memory, the researchers found that mice lacking the Tet1 gene were able to learn to navigate a water maze, but were unable to extinguish the memory.

The findings suggest that a threshold level of methylation is necessary for gene expression to take place, and that the job of Tet1 is to maintain low methylation, ensuring that the genes necessary for memory formation are poised and ready to turn on at the moment they are needed.

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5 Reasons You Need To Avoid Genetically Modified(GMO) Food

As the medical science has been developing with the giant steps, everyone wants to know if all the products invented by scientists are truly safe for humans or not. The idea of producing food with desirable qualities such as: resistance to drought, insects, pesticides, being more nutritious and having longer shelf life led to the ‘’born’’ of genetically modified food. Since then, there hasn't been any formation of proved conclusion and the debate raise on the disadvantages of consumption of genetically modified food. Nowadays everyone thinks that the genetically modified food can cause cancer, loose the taste and be the cause of allergy outbreaks. For description genetically modified crops are the plants which the DNA has been developed by modifying the genes. Below you can discover five examples of the long list of disadvantages of such practice:

1. Yet there is not verified the safety of such products that is why it is thought that we are the lab rats to test the safety of such technology. This is really sad but true. In our reality, genetically engineered food is being consumed daily with no thorough research of its potential threats on human health.

2. Human health risks: Allergenicity- many American and European children have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a huge possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions. There is a concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on health. A recently published study examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats. This study claimed that there were big differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes.

3. GMO food has adverse effects on the human’s immune system. A study in 2008 obviously showed that feeding mice engineered food for 30 days caused an immune reaction and altered the number of cells that regulated the immune functions in the body. It seems that food and water contaminated with genetically engineered material could increase the growth of malignant tumors in contacted humans. Later, other studies suggested a link between engineered food and cancer.

4.  Under-Developed countries will become more dependent on other communities. This was raised when developing the genetically modified golden rice that contains larger amounts of vitamin A beneficial to poor people in developing countries. On the other hand, it is usually the large companies of the developed world that can produce such crop engineering which will increase the dependency of poor counties on the Wild West

5. It is unnatural way of producing food. Unfortunately there will always be unknown long term effects to the ecosystem and biodiversity when inducing unnatural ways to change the natural traits of crops. What is more you won’t have any possibility to be what you eat any more! Genetic engineering allows introducing animal products in plants which could raise issues for those with dietary restrictions, like vegetarian or vegans. Genetically modified products cannot be changed; artificially brought genes in engineered food will multiply through generations. They will be passing with the body and cause any unknown damaging trait to the future population.

GMO food effects can't be reversible. It is clear that all the disadvantages mentioned above are probably irreversible, especially the abusive effects on the environment and human health which is a fate outcome to the fast pace development of biotechnology and genetic engineering.

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Scientists use math to kill cancer cells

Researchers are using advanced mathematical models to engineer viruses that can infect and destroy cancer cells without affecting healthy tissue.

The technique predicts how different treatments and genetic modifications might allow cancer-killing, oncolytic viruses to overcome the natural defences that cancer cells use to stave off viral infection.

"Oncolytic viruses are special in that they specifically target cancer cells," said a Dr.

"Unfortunately, cancer is a very complicated and diverse disease, and some viruses work well in some circumstances and not well in others. As a result, there has been a lot of effort in trying to modify the viruses to make them safe, so they don't target healthy tissue and yet are more efficient in eliminating cancer cells," said the Dr.

Researchers used mathematical modelling to devise strategies for making cancer cells exquisitely sensitive to virus infection - killing them without affecting normal, healthy cells.

"By using these mathematical models to predict how viral modifications would actually impact cancer cells and normal cells, we are able to accelerate the pace of research," they said . They have established a mathematical model that described an infection cycle, including the way a virus replicated, spread and activated cellular defence mechanisms. They used knowledge about key physiological differences between normal cells and cancer cells to identify how modifying the genome of the virus might counter the antiviral defences of cancer cells.

Model simulations were remarkably accurate, with the identified viral modifications efficiently eradicating cancer in a mouse model of the disease "What is remarkable is how well we could actually predict the experimental outcome based on computational analysis. This work creates a useful framework for developing similar types of mathematical models in the fight against cancer," said the Dr. 


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