Why do women get cellulite

Body ‘issues’ are often a major reason behind women being diffident. And the society with its construct of ‘oh-so-spotless’ skin gets to many. Yet, the media has been blessed with some women who are flaunting their true selves, making others understand that their body is totally their business.

One such issue seems to be cellulite. But what causes cellulite? There have been countless theories on the causes of cellulite, right from the extremely absurd ones (like ‘chocolate’ causes it) to weird ones (like ‘leggings’ could have to do with it). A new study took into consideration these and a few other spurious myths to decipher realistic reasons for women having cellulite.  

The best part is, claims of cellulite being caused by sedentary lifestyles and poor diets have been proven false. “The theory that cellulite is caused by trapped toxins is an internet myth,” said cellulite specialist. “Men are actually less careful with their diet, alcohol and smoking. So if someone had to have lots of cellulite because of high consumption of toxins, that would have to be men, not women,” said the cellulite specialist.

He explained that, “Women develop cellulite because they have weaker connective tissue and larger fat cells, due to the effect of female hormones. Men, on the other hand, have much stronger connective tissue and much less subcutaneous fat, so they normally do not develop cellulite. The combination of larger fat lobules pushing the skin upwards and less collagen anchors that offer little resistance to the upward pressure of fat, gives the appearance of cellulite.” As he exemplifies,  cellulite is a little bit sexist.

Women have larger fat cells thanks to their capability to give birth. Pushing a baby out of your body and feeding it need some solid energy. So the body stores back-up food reserves for possible lactation in hips and thighs.

A Dr. said, “Increasing the fat percentage in your body will certainly not help with cellulite occurrence.” To fight cellulite, “obviously you have to reduce the size of the fat lobules and increase skin collagen,” he said, “which, in practice, means more everyday movement, more exercise, less calorie intake [there goes your favourite snack] and more collagen-boosting foods, such as vegetables, berries, herbs and lean protein.” Also, “avoiding hormonal contraception can also prevent further deterioration of connective tissue and enlargement of fat lobules," he suggested.

Ageing leads to breakdown of collagen, and is thus responsible for cellulite formation. The skin tends to lose elasticity with age.“Poor blood circulation does not help either,” said the Dr. “It results is less nutrition getting through, leading to the skin weakening and allowing fat cells to push through. Nicotine in cigarettes result in poor blood circulation, for example. And, too much sun exposure ages the skin prematurely weakening the skin’s elasticity making cellulite more obvious,” he added.

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Are lonely hearts prone to cardiovascular disease?

Feeling lonely contributes less to the risk of cardiovascular disease than recent research suggests, scientists said recently, but social isolation really does up the odds of dying after a heart attack or stroke.
 
The alleged link between loneliness and heart disease essentially disappears once other well-known risk factors — smoking, drinking, poor diet, lack of exercise — are factored in, according to a study that monitored nearly 480,000 men and women in Britain for seven years.

Likewise the supposed impact of feeling friendless on premature death.

But even after dodgy lifestyle habits are taken into consideration, social isolation — time actually spent alone — boosted the risk of dying by about 30 per cent in people who suffered a stroke or heart attack, according to the study, published in a medical journal.

“Social isolation, but not loneliness... remained as an independent risk factor for mortality,” the researchers concluded.

Earlier efforts to tease out the influence of a solitary existence on cardiovascular disease and heart-related mortality had produced mixed results, in part due to the relatively small number of people covered.

For the new study, the team drew from the so-called Biobank cohort, in which 479,054 people aged 40 to 69 were monitored for seven years.

“To the best of our knowledge, our study is the largest on the topic,” they wrote.

The participants provided detailed information on their ethnic background, education level, income and lifestyle, as well as any history of depression.

They were also asked to gauge their levels of loneliness — a subjective feeling — and social isolation, which measures the amount of time spent alone or in the company of others.

Nearly 10 per cent of the respondents qualified as socially isolated, six percent as lonely, and one per cent were both.

The researchers cross-checked this personal data with the people who suffered first-time strokes or heart attacks, as well as those who died.

But once health-wrecking lifestyle habits were accounted for, only the link with social isolation remained.

Earlier research has shown that people who live alone die younger, succumb more quickly when they get cancer, and are generally in poorer health.

A study from last November covering more than 800,000 people from a dozen nations found that walking through life alone also increases the chances of dementia by about 40 per cent.

Being widowed after extended co-habitation also took a toll, boosting the odds of mental slippage by about 20 per cent.

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Flu virus makes you 6 times more prone to heart attacks!

People suffering from influenza may be at six-fold increased risk of experiencing a heart attack, particularly in first seven days, warned a study emphasising the importance of vaccination.
The risk may be higher for older adults, patients with influenza B infections, and patients experiencing their first heart attack.

“Our findings are important because an association between influenza and acute myocardial infarction reinforces the importance of vaccination,” said the lead author.

“The study, combined with previous evidence that influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events and mortality, support international guidelines that advocate for influenza immunisation in those at high risk of a heart attack,” the author added.

In the study, the researchers identified 332 patients from 2009 to 2014 who were hospitalised for a heart attack within one year of a laboratory-confirmed influenza diagnosis.

They found a significant association between acute respiratory infections, particularly influenza, and acute myocardial infarction.
 
However, the risk was not as high with infection from other respiratory viruses.
As per World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates seasonal influenza outbreaks each year cause three million to five million severe cases and 300,000 to 500,000 deaths globally.

According to the researchers, flu season in 2018 has been unusually active and is still spreading in many countries.

While over 60,000 samples testing positive for influenza have been reported since monitoring for the virus began on October 1, a total of 30 children have died from in 2018 in a country, the Dr. said.

“People at risk of heart disease should take precautions to prevent respiratory infections, and especially influenza, through measures including vaccinations and hand-washing,” the Dr. suggested.

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Obese people more likely to develop dementia

Obese people are at an increased risk of developing dementia than those with a normal weight, according to a study that analysed data from 1.3 million adults.

The study, also found that people near dementia onset, who then go on to develop dementia, tend to have lower body weight than their dementia-free counterparts.

"The BMI-dementia association observed in longitudinal population studies, such as ours, is actually attributable to two processes," said lead author of the study.

"One is an adverse effect of excess body fat on dementia risk. The other is weight loss due to pre-clinical dementia. For this reason, people who develop dementia may have a higher-than-average body mass index some 20 years before dementia onset, but close to overt dementia have a lower BMI than those who remain healthy," said the author.

"The new study confirms both the adverse effect of obesity as well as weight loss caused by metabolic changes during the pre-dementia stage," he said.

BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women.
Past research on how a person's weight influences their risk of dementia has produced conflicting results.

In this study, researchers from across Europe pooled individual-level data from 39 longitudinal population studies from across the globe.

A total of 1,349,857 dementia-free adults participated in these studies and their weight and height were assessed.

Dementia was ascertained using linkage to electronic health records obtained from hospitalisation, prescribed medication and death registries.

A total of 6,894 participants developed dementia during up to 38 years of follow-up. 

Two decades before symptomatic dementia, higher BMI predicted dementia occurrence: each 5-unit increase in BMI was associated with a 16-33 per cent higher risk of the condition (5 BMI units is 14.5kg for a person 170cm tall.

In contrast, the mean level of BMI during pre-clinical stage close to dementia onset was lower compared to that in participants who remained healthy.

In 2015, the number of people with dementia reached almost 45 million, two times more than in 1990. This study suggests that maintaining a healthy weight could prevent, or at least delay, dementia.

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Women more susceptible than men to asthma

Women are twice as likely as men to have asthma, and this gender difference may be caused by the effects of sex hormones on lung cells, a study has found.

Researchers found that testosterone hindered an immune cell linked to asthma symptoms, such as inflammation and mucus production in the lungs.

"When we started this study, we really thought that ovarian hormones would increase inflammation, more so than testosterone making it better," said a researcher.

"I was surprised to see that testosterone was more important in reducing inflammation," said a senior author of the study.

Prior studies have found that, before puberty, boys have about 1.5 times higher rate of asthma than girls. That trend reverses after puberty, when women are twice likely to have asthma as men, researchers said.

This pattern continues until women hit menopause, and then the asthma rates in women start to  decline. 

Increased asthma symptoms are regulated by many different factors, including exposure to allergens and viral infections, and the researchers suspected that sex hormones might also be involved.

Researchers looked at human and mouse cells to further study the trend in gender differences that they had observed.

They focused on lung cells called Group 2 innate lymphoid cells, or ILC2 cells. These cells make cytokines, proteins that cause inflammation and mucus production in the lungs, which makes it harder to breathe.

The researchers collected blood from people with and without asthma and found that those with asthma had more ILC2 cells than those without. Of that group, asthmatic women had more ILC2 cells than asthmatic men.

ILC2 cells are also found in the lungs of mice, but they are rare. They make up only about 10,000 of the 10 million cells in a mouse lung, researchers said.
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Women are twice as likely as men to have asthma, and this gender difference may be caused by the effects of sex hormones on lung cells, a study has found.

Researchers found that testosterone hindered an immune cell linked to asthma symptoms, such as inflammation and mucus production in the lungs.

Read more at:
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61849958.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Women are twice as likely as men to have asthma, and this gender difference may be caused by the effects of sex hormones on lung cells, a study has found.

Researchers found that testosterone hindered an immune cell linked to asthma symptoms, such as inflammation and mucus production in the lungs.

"When we started this study, we really thought that ovarian hormones would increase inflammation, more so than testosterone making it better," said Dawn Newcomb, from the Vand ..

Read more at:
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61849958.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Underweight or obese women-more prone to depression and anxiety

Women who are extremely underweight or obese are likely to be at an increased risk of developing common mood disorders like depression and anxiety, as a result of low feel-good neuroactive steroid, finds a study.

Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone also known as allo is a metabolite of the hormone progesterone – a female hormone. Allo works by producing a positive mood and feelings of well-being. 

The findings showed that in women with anorexia nervosa, blood levels of allo were 50% lower than they were in women with normal body mass index (BMIs). Women who were clinically obese had allo levels approximately 60% lower than women with normal weights. Further, participants with lower levels of allo had greater severity of depression symptoms, the researchers noted. 

“Depression is an incredibly prevalent problem, especially in women, and also particularly at the extremes of the weight spectrum,” said a professor . 

“We are beginning to see more and more evidence that low allo levels are tightly linked to depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mood disorders,” added an associate professor. 

In addition, progesterone levels were similarly low across both groups, suggesting that the decrease in allo in these participants may have been caused by improper functioning of enzymes.

The enzymes that convert progesterone into allo may not be working properly, causing decreases in allo that lead to mood disorders. 

For the study, the team recruited women with anorexia nervosa and amenorrhea (whose menstrual periods have stopped) whose body mass indices were less than 18.5, normal-weight women with BMIs between 19 and 24, and obese women with BMIs at 25 or higher. 

“Drugs that increase the efficacy of these enzymes may be useful in helping to boost allo levels,” Dr. said. 

“The hope is that a greater understanding of mechanisms contributing to these disorders – including abnormalities in the regulation of hormones and their neuroactive metabolites – may lead to new targeted therapies in the future,” Dr. noted.

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