The Five Deadliest Types of Cancer

According to data gathered from the American Cancer Society, in 2015, around 1,658,370 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the USA alone, and around 589,430 people died from this terrible affliction. Below, you'll find a breakdown of 5 of the deadliest types of cancer that are still prevalent in the world today:

 5. Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer arises from glandular cells and typically affects older men. It is the most prevalent among people with a family history of the disease, as well as  African Americans. Most cases grow slowly, and many patients with asymptomatic prostate cancer are generally only observed without any further treatment being required. Treatment options include external beam radiation therapy (radiotherapy), surgical removal (prostatectomy), or even brachytherapy, which is the implantation of radioactive iodine into the prostate.
 

4. Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is, unfortunately, one of the most terribly aggressive cancers. It often besets the sufferer with many dangerous symptoms including stomach pain, bleeding, biliary obstruction, ascites and more, and it can become deadly very quickly. In spite of continuous research, there are no adequate screening options or treatments available yet.
 

3. Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is caused by the appearance and growth of malign cells lining the ducts or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer treatment is far from a simple matter, as it is based on quite a number of factors. The main options available include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, lumpectomy, or mastectomy. Thanks to advances in research and technology, more people are beating this type of cancer each year.
 

2. Colorectal Cancer
If caught early, colorectal cancer is highly treatable with fairly positive survival rates. In fact, around 90% of patients diagnosed with early-stage colorectal cancer end up surviving. However, when it enters its advanced stages, the chances of survival are a lot slimmer. There are quite a few treatment options available, including embolization, chemotherapy, surgery or radiotherapy.
 

1. Lung CancerUnfortunately, most sufferers of lung cancer who are diagnosed with an advanced form of the disease will eventually lose their lives to it. Smoking, which is a modifiable risk factor, is the most common cause of lung cancer by a long shot, which is why quitting smoking (or never starting in the first place) is the best preventative measure possible. Depending on certain factors, treatment may include chemotherapy, surgery or radiotherapy.

 

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Researchers discover new methid to reduce chemo doses for patients

Chemotherapy, which is a saviour for many cancer patients, is a painful treatment to undergo following which many patients quit it midways.

But researchers, have developed a method that delivers chemotherapy drugs directly to malignant cells and bypasses healthy ones. With this discovery, doctors aim to reduce chemo doses for patients, thereby reducing the unpleasantness side-effects associated with the treatment.

Most anti-cancer treatment are not sufficiently specific, meaning they attack healthy cells together with the malignant ones they're trying to get rid of, explained a Prof.

This leads to the many serious side-effects associated with chemotherapy. Eliminating cancerous cells while leaving healthy one alone is an important step towards reducing patients'  suffering, the Prof. added.

The study focused on the selective expression of the TRPV2 protein by cancer cells. When activated, TRPV2 protein opens a canal inside cell membranes.

Researchers studied liver cancer cells and were able to successfully insert a low dose of doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent, through the canal directly into cancer cells.

Not only did the new method target cancer cells without harming healthy ones. In the future, the precision of this delivery method may allow doctors to prescribe lower chemo doses and to relieve patients from some of the harsher effects of chemo.

It's too early to make concrete predictions but we are hopeful this discovery will lead the way towards a new, more targeted delivery method for chemotherapy treatment, one that will drastically reduce patients' pain, the Prof. concluded.

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Health risks you may be inviting by getting a tattoo

Getting a tattoo, small or big, is almost on every person's bucket list. A study has found that half the population of the world aged between 18 to 35 has some sort of a tattoo on their bodies. It definitely is a style statement and getting a tattoo that has an emotional meaning for you can also be uplifting in a lot of ways. It is also a sign of liberation and freedom from the stereotypes of the society, but is it a freedom from health risks? The chemicals, pigments, and dyes may be good for the trend, but not for your body.
 
A study found that certain tattoo inks can be toxic. That's not all. Based on an estimate, almost sixty per cent people who got a tattoo regretted it, and most of it was because of the health issues that started surfacing.

Toxic Inks

A study found that one in every five tattoo inks contains carcinogenic chemicals which can cause serious health risks. Most tattoo inks do not even comply to the international standards. The European Society of Tattoo and Pigment research established in 2013 found chemicals like mercury, copper, and many others that are extremely harmful for the skin.

Skin Cancer

The toxic inks can also cause skin cancer, if they affect your skin and body in extreme ways. Notable number of cases have come up where tattoos have led to melanoma or cancer in the skin cells. In 2015, a report revealed that a woman with cervical cancer had apparent malignant cells in her lymph nodes, which were later discovered to be tattoo ink.

Infections

It is very important to ensure that when you have weighted all pros and cons of getting a tattoo and have finally decided to ink yourself, you go to a trustworthy tattoo artist who is popular for his hygiene. The tattoo needles harbor more germs than you can imagine. Even being this careful might not be enough. According to a study, three percent of all tattoos get infected and people may experience persistent itching or irritation on their tattoos.

Complications in medical procedures

During medical procedures, metal based tattoo inks may interfere with results of an MRI-Scan or and X-ray and similar tests. It may also lead to swollen skin where the tattoo is, or even serious burns. It is advised that you consider these complications before getting a tattoo and also let your doctor know if you go for any tests and have a tattoo, so they can see what they can do.

Hepatitis

Another major health risk that you may be subjecting yourself to by getting a tattoo is Hepatitis. Hepatitis is caused by sharing needles that are not sterilized properly after being used on someone else. It is very important that whenever you decide to get a tattoo you consult a few people who already have it to understand which is the cleanest tattoo parlor around you and which one should you go to.

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Aspirin may help counteract impact of obesity on cancer

Aspirin can counter the ill effects of obesity on cancer development, according to a study that may pave the way for new therapies to prevent the deadly disease in those at risk.

Obesity is a known risk factor for certain types of cancer, including colon, pancreatic and breast cancer. Studies have shown its role in promoting tumour growth and malignant progression. However, its role in cancer initiation has been uncertain.

"Epithelial" cells lining the surfaces of organs have the intrinsic ability to remove potentially malignant cells from their midst. This is called the "epithelial defense against cancer" mechanism. Normally, the cells sense harmful cells and push them out by the process called cell competition.

To study how obesity affects this defense mechanism, researchers bred mice that were designed to express a known cancer-inducing mutant protein called Ras Epithelial cells usually remove the potentially malignant Ras-transformed cells.

Feeding the Ras mice high-fat diets, which resulted in severe obesity, suppressed the defense mechanism and therefore increased the number of Ras-transformed cells remaining in the tissue.

This suppression was seen in the intestine and pancreas, but not in the lungs. Furthermore, a month later the Ras-transformed cells developed a tumor in the pancreas of mice with the high-fat diet.

The result supports previous correlations made between intestinal and pancreatic cancer and obesity, but not lung cancer.

Following experiments using the mice model and cultured cells revealed that fatty acids and chronic inflammation cause the suppression of the defense mechanism.

When mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with aspirin, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, the defense mechanism was substantially enhanced. This implies that reinforcing the epithelial defense mechanism with anti-inflammatory drugs could be utilised for cancer prevention.

"This is the first report to show that obesity and chronic inflammation can influence competitive interaction between normal cells and transformed cells. It implies other factors such as infection, smoking, sleeping patterns and aging may also affect cell competition," said the author.

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Spread of breast cancer linked to compound in asparagus and other foods

Breast cancer patients could be encouraged to cut asparagus and other foods from their diets in the future to reduce the risk of the disease spreading, scientists say.
 
Researchers are investigating whether a change in diet could help patients with breast tumours after studies in mice showed that asparagine, a compound first identified in asparagus but present in many other foods, drives the spread of the disease to other organs.

When scientists reduced asparagine in animals with breast cancer, they found that the number of secondary tumours in other tissues fell dramatically. The spread of malignant cells, often to the bones, lungs and brain, is the main cause of death among patients who are diagnosed with breast cancer.

“This is a very promising lead and one of the very few instances where there is a scientific rationale for a dietary modification influencing cancer,” said the lead scientist.

Asparagine is an amino acid that is made naturally in the body as a building block for proteins. But it is also found in the diet, and in high levels in certain meats, vegetables and dairy products. 

The international team of cancer specialists from different countries studied mice with an aggressive form of breast cancer. The mice develop secondary tumours in a matter of weeks and tend to die from the disease within months.

Writing in the journal, the researchers describe how they reduced the ability of breast cancer to spread in the animals by blocking asparagine with a drug called L-asparaginase. To a lesser extent, by putting the animals on a low-asparagine diet worked too. Inspired by the results, the scientists examined records from human cancers and found that breast tumours that churned out the most asparagine were most likely to spread, leading patients to die sooner. The same was seen in cancers of the head, neck and kidney.

Asparagine appears to help cancer cells change into a form that easily spreads from the breast, through the bloodstream, to other organs where they grow into secondary tumours,the scientist said. While suppressing levels of asparagine reduced the spread of breast cancer around the body, it did nothing to prevent breast tumours forming in the first place.

If the findings hold in humans, breast cancer patients may be put on low asparagine diets while they have conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, for the disease. But because asparagine is so ubiquitous in food, drugs that target the amino acid may be more effective. L-asparagine breaks the amino acid down in the bloodstream, but more targeted drugs could block its production altogether.

“This is one case where we can show at a deep biochemical level how a change in diet can impact properties of cells that are relevant to the progression of lethal disease,” said a scientist. “But of course, until human studies are done, this isn’t a DIY method to prevent cancer.”

A cancer researcher said that lowering asparagine levels, either with drugs or dietary restriction, would help prevent cancer cells from spreading. But for patients, he said that drug treatments held more promise than changes to their diets. 

“Asparagine is frequently found in various animal sources including beef, poultry, eggs, fish and seafood. It is also found in many vegetables including asparagus, potatoes, nuts, legumes and soy. Since these foods are so common, it seems that diet restriction may not be the ideal approach,” he said.

Another spokesperson said: “This early discovery could offer a long-awaited new way to help stop breast cancer spreading – but we first need to understand the true role of this nutrient in patients. With nearly 11,500 women still dying from breast cancer each year in a country, we urgently need to stop the disease spreading around the body, where it becomes incurable.

“On current evidence, we don’t recommend patients totally exclude any specific food group from their diet without speaking to their doctors. We’d also encourage all patients to follow a healthy and varied diet – rich in fruit, vegetables and pulses, and limited in processed meat and high fat or sugar foods – to help give them the best chance of survival.”

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Researchers Engineer A Way To Make Leukemia Cells Kill Each Other

Researchers have been battling to find the cure for cancer since we began to understand what cancer really was. A cure is the ultimate goal, but most medical professionals and patients would be ecstatic even hearing about new treatments. Current cancer treatments often come rife with side effects so severe that many choose to forgo them altogether. Stopping the growth of malicious cancer cells is the main goal of treatment, and removing them altogether is even better. The problem is, this kind of treatment almost always causes damage to surrounding healthy cells.

A treatment that changes cancerous cells into healthy, supportive cells sounds ideal. Transforming malignant cells into antibodies that would attack remaining cancer cells sounds too good to be true. Thanks to a groundbreaking study by scientists , this new, powerful form of cancer therapy could really be on the horizon.

An Accidental Discovery

The laboratory team was working on therapies for certain immune cell or blood factor deficiencies when they noticed some unusual effects of antibodies on marrow cells. They had been searching for antibodies that activate growth-factor receptors on immature bone marrow cells, meaning the antibodies would be able to induce these cells to mature into specific blood cell types.

After successfully identifying a number of antibodies that activated the bone marrow cell-receptors this way, the researchers noticed that some of the antibodies were having unexpected effects on the cells. Some of them were maturing into cells that were radically different from what had been expected, such as neural cells. This got the team thinking, could this method be used to convert cancerous marrow cells (leukemia cells) into non-cancerous cells?

Transformation

In the new study, a professor  and senior investigator, teamed up with colleagues, an assistant professor of cellular and molecular biology . They decided to test 20 of the recently discovered receptor-activating antibodies on acute myeloid leukemia cells taken from human patients. One of the antibodies ended up having an incredible impact on the leukemia cells.

Most acute myeloid leukemia cells have the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor, a receptor the winning antibody selectively and potently activated in marrow cells. When the antibody was applied to healthy marrow cells, the cells matured into blood-platelet-producing cells (megakaryocytes). When applied to the acute myeloid leukemia cells, though, the antibody caused them to mature into dendritic cells, which are key support cells in the body’s immune system.

This alone would have been a success — the researchers had effectively transformed cancerous cells into non-cancerous, helpful immune system cells. The team pushed further, though, and found that with longer exposures to the antibodies and other regulated conditions, the dendritic cells matured even more. The final product was a group of cells that very closely resembled natural killer (NK) cells. One of the body’s rapid immune defenses, NK cells are capable of rapidly attacking potentially dangerous pathogens and tumors even if they don’t contain the biomarkers normally identified by other immune cells.

“That antibody could have turned those acute myeloid leukemia cells into a lot of other cell types, but somehow we were lucky enough to get NK cells,” Dr. said in a press release.

These induced NK cells possessed a few unique characteristics, observed by the team through electron microscopy. The cells possessed extending tendrils that had made their way through the outer membranes of closeby leukemia cells — the kind of cells they would still be, had they not been exposed to the antibody. In lab tests, the NK cells betrayed their former brethren at an impressive pace: a “modest” number of NK cells took out about 15 percent of the surrounding leukemic cell population in only 24 hours.

An interesting detail noted by the researchers is the purely fratricidal nature of the NK cells. They attacked only related leukemia cells, while unrelated breast cancer cells did not die off in large numbers when put into contact with the NK cells. The team is still unclear on why exactly the NK cells behave this way, but hypothesize that other, yet-to-be-discovered antibodies could be the key to turning other cancerous cell types into NK cells.

Researcher has named this type of therapy “fratricidins,” and pointed out that they would have several advantages. The antibodies would be clinically useful with little to no modification, and the high specificity of the NK cells would reduce the likelihood of damage to surrounding healthy cells. This would make fratricidins a possible treatment with much more tolerable effects than traditional treatments like chemotherapy.

On top of that, every cancer cell in a population is potentially convertible, so in a successful therapy the cancer-cell population might not just be reduced, but eliminated entirely.

“It’s a totally new approach to cancer, and we’re working to test it in human patients as soon as possible,” he said. “We’re in discussions with pharmaceutical companies to take this straight into humans after the appropriate preclinical toxicity studies.”


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