Researchers discover new methid to reduce chemo doses for patients

Chemotherapy, which is a saviour for many cancer patients, is a painful treatment to undergo following which many patients quit it midways.

But researchers, have developed a method that delivers chemotherapy drugs directly to malignant cells and bypasses healthy ones. With this discovery, doctors aim to reduce chemo doses for patients, thereby reducing the unpleasantness side-effects associated with the treatment.

Most anti-cancer treatment are not sufficiently specific, meaning they attack healthy cells together with the malignant ones they're trying to get rid of, explained a Prof.

This leads to the many serious side-effects associated with chemotherapy. Eliminating cancerous cells while leaving healthy one alone is an important step towards reducing patients'  suffering, the Prof. added.

The study focused on the selective expression of the TRPV2 protein by cancer cells. When activated, TRPV2 protein opens a canal inside cell membranes.

Researchers studied liver cancer cells and were able to successfully insert a low dose of doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent, through the canal directly into cancer cells.

Not only did the new method target cancer cells without harming healthy ones. In the future, the precision of this delivery method may allow doctors to prescribe lower chemo doses and to relieve patients from some of the harsher effects of chemo.

It's too early to make concrete predictions but we are hopeful this discovery will lead the way towards a new, more targeted delivery method for chemotherapy treatment, one that will drastically reduce patients' pain, the Prof. concluded.

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AAV Gene Therapy Successfully Protects Against Ebola in Mice

Infectious disease researchers have discovered a new method for effectively protecting against and treating Ebola infections. The study, performed in mice, used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver monoclonal antibody genes against Ebola. Similar viral vector treatments have been used to effectively treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.

“Our goal is to make an antibody-based therapy that can protect against all strains of Ebola, and potentially Marburg virus, as well,” says Prof., who, along with PhD student found a new way to fight Ebola. “It would be used to stop the spread of the virus in outbreak situations.”

Traditional monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments for Ebola are promising but are limited by the resources required for production and the immunity they provide is short-term. Using a viral vector method, anti-Ebola monoclonal antibody genes are delivered to the cell and the cell will produce the antibody and secrete it into the bloodstream to fight an infection. The research team demonstrated that in mice, 100 percent protection was provided against an Ebola infection with a mixture of two different types of antibodies and 83 percent protection was provided with a different antibody cocktail. The gene therapy was shown to provide protection from the disease for five months following administration.

“We are hoping to use this technology in a post-exposure scenario. Let’s say someone has been exposed to Ebola. The idea would be to give them this AAV vector to start producing the antibodies that prevent death, commented the Prof.”

The preliminary findings are promising and the team is moving forward to develop a gene-based therapeutic or vaccine to Ebola or one that can be used to treat other filovirus infections such as Marbug.

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Scientists Develop New Method For Detecting Melanoma Skin Cancer

To solve the problem, researchers from Rockefeller University have developed an automated technology that can help physicians detect melanoma at early stages. The early detection is a key factor in lowering mortality from melanoma skin cancer. The new method could improve melanoma diagnosis and potentially replace screening that is the standard method for detecting skin cancer.

“There is a real need for standardization across the field of dermatology in how melanomas are evaluated,” said co-author James Krueger. “Detection through screening saves lives but is very challenging visually, and even when a suspicious lesion is extracted and biopsied, it is confirmed to be melanoma in only about 10 percent of cases.”

The new approach involves computer algorithms that process the images of lesions and extract quantitative data from them like shape and color of lesions. Then, they generate an overall risk score that is called a Q-score, indicating the chances of developing melanoma skin cancer. A score between zero and one represents the higher probability of lesion being a cancerous tumor.

Researchers claim that the new method can detect early melanomas on skin with 98 percent accuracy, which is impossible to achieve with conventional methods.

“The success of the Q-score in predicting melanoma is a marked improvement over competing technologies.” Lead author of the study Daniel Gareau said.

Researchers have developed the tool by feeding 60 images of cancerous melanomas. With the help of these images, the tool can precisely quantify visual changes in the growth of moles and calculates an overall Q-score. 

Melanoma is the most deadliest form of skin cancer. Despite using sunscreen and avoiding excessive exposure to sun, the incidence and mortality from melanoma is rising steadily in U.S. According to statistics, melanoma rate has doubled from 1982 and 2011. Around 76,000 Americans are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma this year, resulting in nearly 10,000 deaths.

 “This technology could help detect the disease earlier, which could save lives, and avoid unnecessary biopsies too,” said Gareau. “Our next step is to evaluate this method in larger studies and take a closer look at how can we use specific color wavelengths to reveal aspects of the lesions that may be invisible to the human eye but could still be useful in diagnoses.” 

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Researchers discover new method to trap cancer cells before they spread

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 Researchers have discovered a new way to 'fence in' a tumour and help stop cancer cells from spreading.

Tumours cause cells called fibroblasts to stiffen the surrounding tissue so that cancer cells can grip it - allowing them to tunnel through to the blood stream and spread around the body.
Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute and the University of Copenhagen showed that adding experimental drugs reprogrammed fibroblasts - stopping them from 'stiffening' the tissue around tumours. This healthy tissue trapped the cancer cells, blocking their movement away from the tumour.

The team showed in mice that targeting fibroblasts reduced the movement of cancer cells from the tumour to the lungs and liver through the blood stream.

"This could be an exciting new way to harness the potential of the healthy tissue surrounding cancers to contain and restrain aggressive tumours - stopping cancer cells from breaking away and moving to new places in the body," said co-lead author of the study, Erik Sahai from the Francis Crick Institute. "It's early days but a very promising new avenue of research. If further studies show this route can benefit patients, it could help crack one of the toughest challenges in cancer research - how to stop tumours spreading," said lead author Janine Erler from Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) at the University of Copenhagen.
"As these fibroblasts are present in all solid tumours, our findings may be relevant to many different cancer types," said Erler. "The therapy we tested is used to treat inflammatory diseases and could be used to treat cancer patients," said Erler.

The study was published in the journal EMBO Reports.