Clitoris plays a part in reproduction

A recent study claims that the female clitoris is vital for the reproduction process.

The review notes that stimulating the clitoris activates the brain to cause a combination of changes in the female reproductive tract that creates its readiness to receive and process sperm to achieve possible fertilisation of the egg.

These include enhancement of vaginal blood flow, an increase in vaginal lubrication, an increase in vaginal oxygen and temperature, and most importantly a change in the position of the cervix, the entrance to the uterus.

This change brings the cervix away from the semen pool and prevents semen from travelling into the uterus too rapidly, this allowing sperm time to become mobile and activates to fertilise the egg.

Therefore, the clitoris has both procreative ( reproductive( and recreative ( pleasure) functions, reported the study.

Removal of the clitoris- which is performed in some countries and cultures not only a sexual disability but also a possible reproductive disability.

The often repeated mantra, that the sole function of the clitoris is to induce sexual pleasure, is now obsolete, said the review's author.

The concept changes a major sexual belief and the physiological evidence is now obvious, he concluded.

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‘Secret handshake’ detected between sperm and uterus

A team of researchers has discovered the making of a “secret handshake” between sperm and the cells lining the uterus that finally let one sperm out of nearly 200 million to make it through and fertilise a single egg, say researchers.

Uterine cells express a receptor that recognizes a glycan molecule on the surface of sperm cells.

It’s possible that this interaction may adjust the female’s immune response and help sperm make it through the leukocytic reaction, said the researchers. The leukocytic reaction is not well understood.

What we do know, explained molecular anthropologist  is that “after crossing the cervix, millions of sperm that arrive in the uterus are faced by a barrage of macrophages and neutrophils”.

This attack by the innate immune system kills a majority of the sperm cells in semen, winnowing hundreds of millions of sperm down to just a few hundred that enter the fallopian tubes.

The defensive response may be beneficial in preventing polyspermy, when an egg is fertilized by more than one sperm and cannot develop.

“It’s somewhat embarrassing how little we can say about what this [interaction] means,” said  a researcher.

Reproduction, he said, “is a very, very delicate tug-of-war at many levels. The fact that there is (also) this immune game going on is completely fascinating.”

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Young boys can now preserve their testicular tissues

An experimental process of freezing testicular tissue gives hope to young boys to preserve their fertility before beginning medical treatments known to cause infertility, research claimed.

An estimated 2,000 U.S. boys and young men each year receive treatments or have cancers or blood disorders that place them at risk for infertility. While older youths who have undergone puberty can bank their sperm prior to undergoing sterilising doses of chemotherapy or radiation, there have been scant fertility preservation options for younger boys.

However, some older adolescents and young men are too sick or stressed to bank sperm. For patients with no sperm to a bank or who are too sick or stressed to bank sperm, the experimental procedure of freezing testicular tissue in anticipation that future cell- or tissue-based therapies can generate sperm is the only option.

Recent research in experimental models indicates that such testicular tissue biopsies contain stem cells, blank slate cells, hinting at the potential of generating sperm from biopsied tissue.

"This study demonstrates that undifferentiated stem and progenitor spermatogonia may be recovered from the testicular tissues of patients who are in the early stages of their treatment and have not yet received an ablative dose of therapy. The function of these spermatogonia was not tested," wrote lead author.

Right now, haematologists and oncologists discuss future treatment options with patients and families, as well as possible long-term side effects, including infertility.

"This study is unique in that there is definitely a potential direct patient benefit. One of the reasons the study is compelling is that it presents a message of hope to the families. It's a message of survivorship: We are optimistic we can help your child get through this and think about long-term issues, like having their own families," said a Dr.

In this phase of the study, testicular tissue was collected from centres in the U.S. and Israel from January 2011 to November 2018 and cryopreserved.

Patients designated 25 per cent of the tissue sample to be used for the research study; 75 per cent remains stored in liquid nitrogen at temperatures close to absolute zero for the patient's future use. The fertility preservation patients ranged from 5 months old to 34 years old, with an average age of 7.9 years.

Thirty-nine per cent of patients had started medical treatment prior to requesting fertility preservation. 16 per cent received non-alkylating chemotherapy while 23 per cent received alkylating chemotherapy, which directly damages the DNA of cancer cells.

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Household toxins degrade fertility in both men and dogs

Environmental contaminants found in the home and affects male fertility both in humans and domestic dogs find a new study stating the decline in sperm quality in both the species over the past few years.

What makes household contaminants?
Hazardous household products consist of six broad categories: household cleaners, paints and solvents, lawn and garden care, automotive products, pool chemicals, and health and beauty aids. Many commonly used household products in these categories release toxic chemicals.

The study showed the chemicals -- at concentrations relevant to environmental exposure -- have the same damaging effect on the sperm of both man and dog.

"We know when human sperm motility is poor, DNA fragmentation is increased and that human male infertility is linked to increased levels of DNA damage in sperm," said co-author.

"We now believe this is the same in pet dogs because they live in the same domestic environment and are exposed to the same household contaminants," he said.

What did the scientists do?
For the study, the team tested the effects of two man-made chemicals -- the common plasticiser DEHP, widely used in the home (e.g. carpets, clothes, toys) and the industrial chemical polychlorinated biphenyl 153, which although banned globally, remains widely detectable in the environment, including food.

Using donated sperm from sample males and stud dogs living within a specific region in the UK, the researchers found that the chemicals had a clear damaging effect on both sperm samples.

The researchers carried out identical experiments for both species using samples of sperm from donor men and stud dogs, living in the same region.

"This new study supports our theory that the domestic dog is indeed a 'sentinel' or mirror for the human male reproductive decline. Our findings suggest man-made chemicals, widely used in home and working environment, may be responsible for the decline in sperm quality," lead author said.

Next, the team will focus on the region to see if location also impacts sperm vitality in both men and dogs.

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6 Myths About Conception Debunked

A lot of thought goes into having a child, and once you decide to have one, the right steps must be taken for actual conception to occur. This process is made more difficult by the many myths that are perpetuated by people that don’t understand the reality of it. Here are the six most common myths behind conception:

 

1. The missionary position helps the sperm to reach the eggs

The reality is that the sex position that you’re in makes no difference to the chances of conception. Sperm can actually get up into the uterus quite quickly if the right mucus is present. This is usually the case in fertile women, and the mucus acts like a superhighway, thus negating the need to be in a certain position. No scientific studies have proven that one sexual position is better than another. 

2. Your diet affects the gender of your child

There are many misconceptions associated with this myth, such as eating a diet high in salt tends to result in a boy, or eating a diet high in dairy tends to result in a girl. There’s no research to back this up – the reality is that there are male and female sperm, and it’s simply a question of which one gets to the woman’s egg first.

3. It’s not possible to conceive during menstruation

Although it’s extremely rare to conceive during menstruation, it isn’t entirely impossible either. When women have intercourse towards the end of their period, there’s a small chance that some sperm will survive until menstruation is over. In fact, sperm can survive some five to seven days if the right cervical mucus is present.

4. You’ll get pregnant if you have intercourse every day

Not every woman knows exactly when she’s fertile, so in theory, she’s more likely to get pregnant with each additional time she has intercourse. This is because she’ll be more likely to have intercourse when she’s ovulating. With that being said, it’s useless having intercourse when ovulation isn’t occurring – conception cannot happen. Most women ovulate some two to three weeks after their period is over. Tracking your menstrual cycle is always helpful in this regard.

 

5. Conception isn’t possible if the man pulls out

Withdrawal as a contraception method is somewhat effective, but 25 out of 100 women will still get pregnant while employing this method over the course of one year. An interesting thing about withdrawal is that some cultures seem to use it more effectively than others. It’s believed that this is so because the method is passed down from one generation to another more effectively. Nevertheless, it’s considered to be a very effective birth control method. 

6. Reaching orgasm is a must for conception to occur

A man has to reach orgasm in order for conception to occur, but the same isn’t true for women. This myth is likely to be believed because numerous mammals are only able to conceive when the female orgasms. In addition, various articles in the US have detailed how animals such as rabbits, ferrets, and camels do not ovulate on a cycle like humans do – rather, the female ovulates once stimulated by a male and after they orgasm.

How to help yourself conceive
The best thing to do is learn when your cervical mucus is present. This fluid is clear, slippery and stretchy. You should track the mucus during your menstrual cycle, and talk to your doctor about what you’re seeing. The best way of doing this is to look at the toilet paper after you wipe. If you notice a clear, slippery and/or stretchy mucus, then this is the best time to have intercourse. It’s recommended to do so every other day during the period when the mucus is present, up until two days after it disappears. Ovulation is most likely to occur during this time.

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Dengue virus warning-Sickness could be spread by sex shock find

A study  detected the presence of the virus in an Italian man’s sperm.  

Dengue fever is caused by the Dengue virus and is usually contracted through mosquitoes. There is no cure for the illness.

The Dengue virus is part of the Flaviviridae family, the same scientific system that includes other viruses like Zika, Yellow Fever and encephalaitis, with extreme symptoms including neurological disorders, heart disease and liver failure. 

The bite of a mosquito carrying the Zika virus can cause birth defects in babies as the virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her foetus. Men can also pass the virus through their semen.
And now, like Zika, a new risk of men passing Dengue fever through sexual intercourse could become a reality.

The study, shows for the first time the presence of the Dengue virus in the semen of a man who had recently healed following a recent infection with dengue. 

Researchers found that the virus persists in active replication in the seminal fluid and in particular in its cellular fraction up to 37 days after the onset of symptoms.  

Tests were performed at the virology laboratory using molecular biology techniques on the 50-year-old man, who returned from Thailand in January 2018 with the infection. 

Dengue fever’s symptoms include arthralgia, asthenia and nausea. The unnamed man still displayed symptoms after the ninth day of infection. 

Further virological investigations were performed on semen and urine samples. Semen is said to be able to hold up to 27 viruses at one time.

The institute's findings highlight the possibility of transmitting DENV through sexual intercourse, which could play a role in an infection spreading to non-endemic areas. 

Previously, no similar cases had been reported, that fact that in 2016 alone, 2,601 travel-associated dengue cases were reported.

However, the findings are yet to be corroborated. 

Further studies are yet to be carried out, in order to quantify and clarify the implications of genital shedding of DENV for non-vector sexual transmission. 

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"The Pill" For Men Might Soon Be a Thing

It looks like the Pill, which has been taken as a contraceptive by women for several decades, will now have an alternative that’s designed for men.

 

A recent study found that a trial pill was able to block sperm production in men while being safe for their health. 

The pill, which is made out of Dimethandrolone undecanoate (aka DMAU), was found to reduce testosterone levels and other hormones that spark sperm production. Dr. added that the goal was to develop a contraceptive method for men that has minimal side effects.

Serving as an androgen and a progestin, the pill provides an alternative to vasectomies, condoms and coitus interruptus. Some 40% of all pregnancies worldwide are actually unplanned, so there’s clearly an unmet need for new contraceptives, especially when it comes to men.

Some 83 men aged 18 to 50 participated in the study, and they were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The members of each group were given 100mg, 200mg and 400mg doses of the new pill respectively.
Following the 28-day trial period, participants’ testosterone levels were observed to have dropped to “castrate levels”, which is the ideal of testosterone in the blood after surgical or chemical castration. 

Furthermore, members of the 400mg group were observed to have had a drop in two hormones that regulated testosterone and sperm production.

Testosterone levels in a healthy man range from 350 to 1,100 nanograms per deciliter, and the pill managed to reduce their levels down to 13 nanograms per deciliter, which would be the testosterone levels normally associated with a pre-pubescent boy or teenage girl.

Just nine of the participants experienced a decreased libido, which would be a negligible amount if scaled up to a few million people.
Dr. noted that researchers have been working on male hormonal contraception for some 40 to 50 Years without that much success. 

Although long-acting implants and injections have been developed, men have always been interested in having an oral pill available, and this research represents a step forward in that area.

Simply reducing men’s testosterone levels down to the levels observed in the study would result in side effects similar to those experienced by women when they go through menopause. This includes marked changes in sexual desire and function here.

As a result, it’s important to point out that this pill includes a steroid to provide androgen activity in all other parts of the men’s bodies. The problem with the study conducted is that its time-frame didn’t allow for the researchers to be able to say what the long-term effects of taking it would be, however they did establish what could become a potentially safe dosage.

The next step with this pill is to trial it over three months, and that is in the pipeline in the near future. Longer-term studies will still be needed to fine-tune any potential side effects, as well couple studies to demonstrate that it actually works in the real world.

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