Clitoris plays a part in reproduction

A recent study claims that the female clitoris is vital for the reproduction process.

The review notes that stimulating the clitoris activates the brain to cause a combination of changes in the female reproductive tract that creates its readiness to receive and process sperm to achieve possible fertilisation of the egg.

These include enhancement of vaginal blood flow, an increase in vaginal lubrication, an increase in vaginal oxygen and temperature, and most importantly a change in the position of the cervix, the entrance to the uterus.

This change brings the cervix away from the semen pool and prevents semen from travelling into the uterus too rapidly, this allowing sperm time to become mobile and activates to fertilise the egg.

Therefore, the clitoris has both procreative ( reproductive( and recreative ( pleasure) functions, reported the study.

Removal of the clitoris- which is performed in some countries and cultures not only a sexual disability but also a possible reproductive disability.

The often repeated mantra, that the sole function of the clitoris is to induce sexual pleasure, is now obsolete, said the review's author.

The concept changes a major sexual belief and the physiological evidence is now obvious, he concluded.

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How microbial bacteria could help detect signs of premature births

It came to light with a recent study that changes to the communities of microbes living in the reproductive tract of pregnant women could help to spot those at risk of giving birth prematurely.

The study found that the subtle changes to the bacteria present in the vagina were strongly associated with the woman's waters breaking early which led preterm birth of the baby, i.e. before 37 weeks. According to the researchers, it could have an impact on the health of mother and baby, including increasing the risk of sepsis for newborns.

In the published study, the team of researchers also highlighted that while the standard antibiotic treatment given to women whose waters break early, a precursor of labour, can help to reduce infection, for a small subset of women it may actually be detrimental.

They explained that for a small proportion of women the treatment, administered as a protective measure in hospital, can disrupt the balance of the mother's microbes by eradicating the 'good' bacteria and allowing more harmful bacteria to take their place in the vagina - with potentially devastating consequences for the baby.

The team suggested alternative treatments should be used for these women to mitigate their risk. They pointed out that in case of preterm birth, rupture of amniotic sac leaves baby more susceptible to infections as compared to normal birthing circumstances.

The team looked at the impact of premature rupturing of the membrane and antibiotic treatment on the vaginal microbia.

They took swabs from the vaginas of pregnant women at different points during their pregnancy and analysed them to reveal the types of bacteria present, their proportions, and any changes. Samples were collected from a prospective group of 250 pregnant women with and without risk factors for giving birth prematurely - such as having a history of preterm birth or miscarriage - of which 27 did, in fact, have a premature birth.

They also collected samples from a second, smaller group of 87 women who presented to the hospital with premature membrane rupture.
 
Previous research had shown that over the course of pregnancy the bacteria that colonize the vagina became less diverse and were dominated chiefly by Lactobacillus species - the same type of bacteria found elsewhere in the body including the gut and mouth.

Thorough analysis revealed that premature membrane rupture was associated with a shift in the microbia, with a drop in Lactobacillus and an increase in other types of bacteria, including potentially harmful bugs such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

The team also analyzed samples from the small group of women with premature rupture before and after the preventative antibiotic treatment - oral erythromycin, four times a day for 10 days. Swabs were taken before treatment and then at 48 hours, one week and two weeks.

The study also revealed associations between specific vaginal bacteria and newborns who developed sepsis following delivery. While the mothers of healthy babies were dominated by Lactobacillus, samples from the mothers of newborns with sepsis revealed a greater diversity of bacteria, including the presence of Streptococcus and E. coli.

The group added that further studies are needed to assess current clinical guidelines for women with premature rupture and that developing alternative ways to treat women, such as using more selective antibiotics, could potentially improve outcomes for women and their babies.

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Hybrid Sperm may help combat cervical cancer,

In a recent research, a group of researchers have developed a new chemotherapy drug delivery system which can deliver a cancer drug directly to cervical tumours, an approach that could help treat the deadly disease with minimum side effects.

The scientists found that they have exploited the swimming power of sperms to ferry a cancer drug directly to a cervical tumour in lab tests.

The researchers, packaged a common cancer drug, doxorubicin, into bovine sperm cells and outfitted them with tiny magnetic harnesses.

Using a magnetic field, a sperm-hybrid motor was guided to a lab-grown tumor of cervical cancer cells.

The sperm then swam into the tumour, fused its membrane with that of a cancer cell, and released the drug. When unleashed by the thousands, drug-loaded sperm killed more than 80 percent of a cancerous ball while leaking very little of their payload en route.

The new findings could pave the way for applications outside of chemo delivery for cervical cancer patients.

However, further work is needed to ensure the system could work in animals and eventually humans, but researchers say the sperm motors have the potential to one day treat cancer and other diseases in the female reproductive tract.

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