Huntington's disease attacks and destroys brain cells in humans

Recent study conducted on mice has given more insight into how and why Huntington's disease attacks and destroys certain brain cells in human beings. We're excited about this result because it may explain why the patient gets the disease in this area of the brain called the striatum, said one of the researcher.

According to the study, a toxic protein linked to Huntington's disease can move from neuron to neuron through a nanotube tunnel whose construction is initiated by a protein called Rhes.

People with Huntington's disease inherit a damaged protein that is somehow complicit in destroying brain cells. Scientists discovered this protein in 1993 but are still piecing together its role in this degenerative disease.

Scans show Huntington's disease brains are shrunken and degraded. As the neurons deteriorate, people lose motor control, they can have emotional problems and their thinking and memory suffer.

Symptoms usually begin around age 30-40 and last 15-20 years until death. A rarer and more aggressive form of the disease affects children, cutting their childhood and lives short. About three to seven people out of 100,000 have the disease and it has mostly affected those with European ancestry.
However, the researcher believed the disease is under-reported in other areas. There is a lot of stigmas associated with the disease, he said. In the case of Huntington's the question is can we block this transport and does it have any benefit or effect? he asked.

For this study, the researchers, looked at mouse neurons under a confocal microscope and saw that the cells formed sticky, string-like protrusions around 150 microns long which floated above the cells, connecting them.

When I saw Rhes, making these tunnel-like tubes between the cells I was excited and at the same time perplexed, he said. They may have been missed before because they're on a different plane. You've to be really looking for it. It's like a bridge over a lake. If you're on the lake, you may not see the bridge above, but if you're on the shore, you can see the bridge, he said.

Scientist first described another type of tunneling nanotube in rat neurons in 2004. Since then, a number of researchers have observed them in cancer and other types of cells. But how they form and what they do was less clear.

To find out, the researchers tracked cell cargo moving through this tunnel bridge. They inserted the Huntington's human disease protein into the mouse brain cells, tagged it with fluorescence and then watched as it crossed over and crawled up to enter the neighbouring cell. Once the tunnel delivered it shipment it released and sprang back. Lysosomes and endosomes, cellular cargo bins that transport cell pieces or waste, also travel these inter-cellular highways, he said.

The Rhes protein exists in both mouse and human brains sick with Huntington's disease. Knocking out the Rhes gene in diseased mice results in less brain damage. In a 2009 study, he found that Rhes also alters the Huntington's disease protein's structure making it more toxic to brain cells.

The Rhes protein makes its own road. That is what is surprising to us. But it not only transports itself. Once the road is made, many things can be transported, he said.

The researchers continue to investigate what other proteins may be helping with tunnel construction and if other disease proteins move along these membranous highways. His laboratory is also developing ways to identify how Huntington's disease protein travels in the live brain.

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Emotional Problems - Signs, Symptoms And Causes

Having a bad day sometimes, for a few days or weeks is very normal but what if this condition persists for a long period of time? Emotional problems refer to the psychological problems that occur due to the inability to manage the stressful situations in one’s life or any other problem in interpersonal life or professional life and there could be many other reasons too.

Emotional Symptoms
The anger, anxiety, fear, excitement, unusual happiness, joy etc. can be some of the emotions that are displayed abnormally when the person experiences any situation with respect to the environment. Emotional symptoms can be both positive and negative and depend upon the environmental situations. Emotional variations as per the different situations are quite normal to occur as these are transitory in nature. But in some cases, the emotional imbalance can lead to a disorder because of the persistence of the unstable emotional states or when there is a disproportion between the emotional states.

Emotional Problems Signs
Great changes in weight, the variations in ways of managing anger or frustration, dizziness, inactivity, lack of energy, memory issues and loss of interest in social activities are some of the signs of emotional problems.

There can be various types of emotional disorders such as - 

Anxiety disorders- characterised by the anxiety with respect to the day to day life situations. 

Bipolar mood disorder- It is characterised by the alternate and recurrent episodes of depression and mania.

Dysthymic Disorder- It is characterised by the mild form of depressive state where a person experiences persistent sadness, feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness etc. 

Postpartum depression- It is a disorder in which the female experience feeling of depression, anxiety, sadness, low mood after delivering the baby may be because of the feeling that she won’t be able to handle and take care of child effectively.

Emotional signs and symptoms can cause several problems to the concerned person as well as to the family members in the form of financial difficulties, relationship problems, problems at the workplace and at home with parents and children and schools in case of children. The concerned person may feel aggressive, agitated, and anhedonia (the inability to experience any sort of pleasure), guilty, fear as negative symptoms. On the other hand, the positive emotional states may include the excess euphoria, elatedness, excessive psycholotor activity, and feeling of grandiosity and ecstasy. Emotional problems can cause the abnormal behaviour patterns where there can be an increase in accidents, poor ability to judge things, causing harm to oneself and other family members, suicide etc.

Those people, who face emotional problems, usually do not prefer to go to a mental health professional due to being in a denial state or they may not be aware of the treatment availability. One should note that certain emotional symptoms may occur due to the side effects of medications and other health issues a person is facing. For example, the patients suffering from dementia, cancer, HIV/AIDS life chronic illnesses usually face the emotional problems as additional psychological distress.

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How To Deal With Emotional Problems

Emotional problems make direct tasks and simple errands harder. High feeling, bubbling disappointment and hurt emotions motivate the person. Certain people become very protective. Protectiveness causes us to pry on others. Others might want to disconnect completely and resolve issues in a different manner. A great many people manage their emotional issues by opposing, quelling and overlooking them. At this point, your brain feels uneasy and you end up making rash decisions. However, there are ways to deal with emotional problems.

Imagine it’s early in the morning. You get out of bed, walk to the window and pull the curtains to the side. The sun is up and there’s not a cloud in sight.

You think to yourself “Wow, look at that. It’s going to be a beautiful day today.”

Now, have you ever asked yourself this: If your mind is saying it’s a beautiful day, then who is the one listening to this statement?

Isn’t this strange? I mean, you already knew it’s a beautiful day the second you looked out the window. So why is your mind repeating this already obvious fact? And who is it talking to?

The Two Minds

In Zen, they explain this weird phenomenon by referring the two minds — the thinking mind and the observing mind. This is a common concept in Buddhism and contemporary western therapies like Acceptance-Commitment Therapy, or ACT for short, are beginning to catch on to how helpful it can be to solve a lot of our day to day emotional problems.

You see, the problem with the thinking mind is that we don’t have complete control over it. A very quick thought experiment can prove this point:

For the next ten seconds, DO NOT THINK OF A WHITE BEAR.

If you’re like most people, that bear will be haunting you like crazy, especially if you try hard to suppress it .

You’ve probably noticed that the thinking mind is always blabbing away. While you’re waiting in line, when you’re in an important meeting, when you’re trying to go to sleep, when you ‘tune out’ in a conversation with someone else and, if you’re a writer like me, it seems to be especially active when you’re trying to crank out your words for the day.

As a matter of fact, I’ve had tons of thoughts popping up while writing this: ‘Are you sure this is relevant?’, ‘Wow, you really butchered that sentence,’ ‘Nobody is going to want to read this,’ ‘Are you getting WORSE at English every day?’ and a whole slew of other, quite unhelpful, comments.

This running commentary in our heads is the thinking mind in action.

The same is also true for emotions. And that is actually where most of our suffering come from — not from the negative emotions themselves, but from helplessly getting sucked into them.

The Thinking Mind & The Observing Mind

So, why is all this important? Well, because most of our negative psychological and emotional experiences happen because we can’t differentiate between our thinking mind and our observing mind.

Most people want to ‘get rid’ of their thoughts and feelings. They don’t want to feel stressed, lonely, fearful, angry, jealous or nervous. That’s fair enough.

But the thing is you can’t control your thoughts and emotions. Why? Because they belong to your thinking mind. Thoughts and feelings have always popped up throughout your life, and they will continue to do so.

What you CAN do is change the way you relate to these feelings and thoughts. Realize that you’re experiencing your thoughts and emotions through your observing mind and avoid identifying with your thinking mind.

Instead of saying ‘I am angry,’ say ‘I feel anger.’ Instead of saying, ‘I am nervous,’ say, ‘I feel nervousness.’ Instead of saying, ‘I am jealous,’ say, ‘I feel jealousy.’

This might seem like a subtle shift, and it is. Still, it can make a HUGE difference in how you deal with your thoughts and feelings. This is because it creates a separateness between your thinking and observing mind. And this, in turn, helps you to stop identifying with your thoughts and feelings.

When you stop saying ‘I AM angry’ and instead realize that all that is happening is that you are just FEELING anger at this moment, you can start relating to the emotion in a different way.

Instead of perceiving the anger as a part of you, it becomes something fleeting that you can observe without getting caught up in it. As meditation teachers like to put it, your thoughts and feelings become like clouds that pass across the sky.

So, the key to dealing with emotional problems is to always accept what’s going on in your mind. Welcome your thoughts and feelings no matter how scary, uncomfortable or annoying they may be:

How to Deal With Emotional Problems

Most people deal with their emotional problems by resisting, repressing and ignoring them. In these times of constant distraction, there is no shortage of other things you can turn your attention to when your mind is feeling uneasy.

One recent study showed that most people would rather receive a small electric shock than be alone with their thoughts. I suggest we take a more healthy approach to deal with uncomfortable thoughts and feelings: 

1.Become aware of particularly strong thoughts and feelings. Practice catching them as they show up and immediately disidentify with them. Remind yourself that you are not your thoughts. 

2. Use labeling. Research has shown that naming and assessing an emotion transforms the emotion into an object of scrutiny and thereby decreases its intensity. So if you’re feeling angry, simply tell yourself: ‘Ah, that’s anger!’ and you’ll most likely notice that the intensity of the feeling immediately drops. 

3.Get curious. Instead of resisting the thoughts and feelings, get curious about them. Pay attention to how they make you feel. Where in the body do they manifest? How do the different muscles in your body feel? What is your breath like? Hold your thoughts and feelings in present awareness and just let them do their thing without judging or clinging to them. Use the idea of your mind as a clear blue sky and your thoughts and feelings as clouds that are temporarily passing by.

If you keep practicing this regularly (preferably alongside meditation practice), you’ll soon find that your relationship to your mind starts to change. You’ll develop a powerful ‘metacognition’ (the ability to think about your thinking) which helps you to handle your thoughts and emotions in a much more deliberate and skillful way.

 
Here are my 9 Steps to Help Manage Your Emotions:
1. Use your emotions and bodily responses to recognize when you are under stress. A racing pulse, dry mouth, aching stomach, tight muscles, or muscle pain may all indicate that something is amiss in your emotional world.

2. Write down your thoughts and feelings about what is stressing you. Take a daily inventory of your emotions. By writing down what you feel and when, you may be able to identify patterns of emotional ups and downs. If is also important to write down the thoughts that go with the feelings.

3. Control whatever aspect of the stress that you can. Life presents many situations every day, and you should not view them in black and white terms- those you can control versus those you cannot. Look for the shades of grey- the elements you can control. When you know what’s going to happen in a situation, you nervous system can gear up to handle it.

4. Don’t make mountains out of molehills. When difficult situations arise, it is important to assess how bad they really are before going into panic mode. If you want to live a low-stress life, don’t get all worked up over trivial matters.

5. Redefine the Problem. Your attitude to stress can affect your health more than the stress itself can. If the problem is out of your control, recognize that and redefine the problem to determine which parts you can avoid or handle.

6. Develop behaviors that distract you from stress. Anything you do that distracts you from your stress for a while is good. For example, take a walk or work in the garden.

7. Reach out to a friend of family member. Social relationships are good for your health, and reaching out to someone about your stress can improve your outlook. If you are lacking social networks, you may find it easiest to meet others during a shared activity.

8. Exercise Regularly. Regular exercise is good for your physical and emotional health. Even moderate exercise can help reduce stress.

9. Meditate and relax Meditation has a wide variety of health benefits, and stress reduction is one of the big ones.

There is no single way to instantly reduce stress or manage your emotions. By using a variety of tools and methods, you will be able to calm your mind and regain your emotional health.

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Feeling anxious about your waistline?

“Emotional eating” (eating to alleviate emotional pressure as opposed to satisfying hunger) has long been associated with piling on the pounds. Researchers recently conducted a study involving over 5,580 middle-aged women with an average of 49 years.

Reversing the cause-and-effect model allowed them to analyse the likeliness of women developing anxiety based on increased abdominal fat (described as waist-to-height ratio in this context).
Although this relationship has been studied previously, using waist-to-height ratio as the main connection to anxiety marks a novel approach to research. 

Waist-to-height ratio has proven effective as a marker of cardiometabolic risk, and women whose waists measure over half their height are typically regarded as obese.

61.3% of participants experienced anxiety, and 58% of participants were postmenopausal. Those in the middle and upper thirds of waist-to-height ratios were considerably more likely to have an anxiety disorder, while there was a greater likeliness of the upper third participants expressing symptoms of anxiety in comparison to participants in the lower categories.

Anxiety is associated with diabetes, drug abuse, thyroid issues, respiratory disorders and heart disease, as well as additional established medical issues.

Researchers suspect that a drop in estrogen levels, which acts in a neuroprotective capacity, is linked to the rising prevalence of anxiety disorders in middle-aged women.

Hormone changes may be involved in the development of both anxiety and abdominal obesity because of their roles in the brain as well as in fat distribution. This study provides valuable insights for healthcare providers treating middle-aged women, because it implies that waist-to-height ratio could be a good marker for evaluating patients for anxiety,"

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How to deal with emotional problems

Emotional problems make direct tasks and simple errands harder. High feeling, bubbling disappointment and hurt emotions motivate the person. Certain people become very protective. Protectiveness causes us to pry on others. Others might want to disconnect completely and resolve issues in a different manner. A great many people manage their emotional issues by opposing, quelling and overlooking them. At this point, your brain feels uneasy and you end up making rash decisions. However, there are ways to deal with emotional problems. These are as follows:

1. Be aware: Try to stay active and be aware of solid feelings and sentiments. Work on improving them as they show up and quickly misidentify with them. Advise yourself that you are not your feelings and that they are only temporary.
2. Use labeling: Utilize naming. Research has demonstrated that naming and surveying a feeling changes the feeling into a subject of examination and consequently diminishes its power on you. So in case you are feeling furious, essentially let yourself know that this is you being angry and you will in all probability see that the force of the inclination instantly drops.
3. Get curious: Rather than opposing the emotions and sentiments, get inquisitive about them. Focus on how they affect you. Where in the body do they show? How do the diverse muscles in your body feel? How is your breath? Hold your emotions and sentiments in present mindfulness and simply let them do their thing without judging or sticking to them. Utilise the possibility of your brain as the sky and your emotions and sentiments as clouds that are passing by.
4. Face-to-face interaction: Up close and personal social interaction with somebody who thinks about you is the best approach to quiet your nervous system and calm anxiety. It additionally relieves stress-busting hormones, so you will feel better regardless of the possibility that you cannot change the upsetting circumstance itself. The key is to collaborate with somebody who is a decent audience or someone you can consistently talk with face to face, or who will hear you out without a prior motivation for how you need to think or feel.
5. Exercise and meditation: The brain and the body are inherently connected. When you improve your physical well-being, you will consequently encounter more prominent mental and enthusiastic betterment. Physical movement likewise discharges endorphins, intense chemicals that lift your state of mind and make you happy. Normal exercise or action can majorly affect mental and enthusiastic medical issues, mitigate stress, enhance memory, and help you to rest better.

In case that you continue facing this frequently, you will soon find that your relationship with your mind will begin to change. You will build up an intense metacognition (the capacity to face your reasoning) which helps you to handle your emotions and feelings in a great manner.

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