Natural Remedies to Prevent Arthritis

1. Exercise
Retain mobility in your joints by exercising regularly. Exercising will help control the excess pressure and strain that inflames the joint. It will also help strengthen the muscles that support the joint, and keep your joints fully lubricated. Always warm up properly before performing any stretching exercises. It's also a good idea to follow a healthy diet, and go for a walk every day.    

2. Massage
There's nothing quite as soothing for your aching joints and muscles as getting a massage. Massaging with mustard oil might seem a bit out of the ordinary, but it works. The oil helps reduce joint pain and inflammation. You can prepare a homemade mustard oil mix as follows: 
Directions:

• Heat a little mustard oil until it becomes slightly warm. Onion juice may be added if there is swelling. 
• Rub the oil gently over the painful joint or joints before covering it with plastic wrap. 
• Apply warm towels to the swelling joints, and repeat on a daily basis or until swelling goes down. 

3. Epsom salt

Magnesium relaxes the muscles and nerve endings, which become aggravated by the inflammation. Dunking your hands in a bowl of water with Epsom salt can help alleviate the discomfort. It's also a great source of magnesium, which regulates the pH balance levels in the body. The salt keeps the pH levels low to prevent inflammation. Here's how to prepare an Epsom salt mixture:
Directions:

• Fill a large bowl with warm water, and add a half cup of Epsom salt. Make sure you stir the contents of the bowl.  
• Dunk your hands or affected joints in the bowl. Alternatively, you may want to fill a tub with warm water and add 2 cups of Epsom salt to allow more room for larger joints, such as the knees. 
• Soak your joints for approximately 15 minutes. Soak daily. 

4. Turmeric
Turmeric helps to reduce painful swelling and joint inflammation. The dark yellow spice promotes healthy functioning of the joints, keeps your immune system well-protected, and improves digestion. It's also excellent for reducing pain among people who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. The yellow powder can even be mixed together with green tea, and here's the delicious recipe:
Directions:

• 1/2 teaspoon ground turmeric
• 1/2 teaspoon ground ginger
• 2 cups of water
• 1 teaspoon of honey for a little flavoring 5. Increase Your Magnesium Intake
  Magnesium is essential for absorbing calcium, which strengthens the bones. Magnesium supplements can relieve pain and rebuild bone tissue. Eat more foods that are high in magnesium, such as beans, nuts, whole grains, dark leafy greens, and fish. Magnesium oils and supplements can be purchased at any local health store. It's important to maintain high bone density to thwart the pain. 
  
  6. Extra Virgin Olive Oil
  Extra virgin olive oil acts like a natural aspirin to help heal painful joints. The oil contains the inflammatory enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, which help lubricate your joints and provide you with instant pain relief. You can either rub a bit of the olive oil on the affected joints or consume 2-3 teaspoons of it.   
  
  
  7.Ginger
  Ginger can reduce swelling and stiffness in the joints due to the high anti-inflammatory components found inside. Eating raw ginger on a regular basis can help alleviate pain by improving blood circulation. Ginger may be added to green tea to create a great healing solution. Here is an easy recipe you can make if you don't enjoy the taste of raw ginger:
  Directions:
  

  • Fill a bowl with 6 teaspoons of dried ginger, 6 teaspoons of caraway seeds, and 3 teaspoons of black pepper. Mix well. 
  • Consume half a teaspoon of the mixture with a glass of water after each meal. 

  8. Fish Oil
  Popular fish oil supplements are loaded with omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, which are used to combat arthritis. The fatty acids also boost your immune system, fighting off swelling or achy joints. Fish oil also improves your cardiovascular system and helps prevent blood clots. Cold water fish should be added your dietary plan, but if you don't enjoy eating fish, a capsule of fish oil will suffice.  
  
  9. Cayenne Ointment
  The capsaicin of the cayenne pepper acts as a natural dopamine to block out pain signals from the neurological system. It disrupts the Substance P, which transmits pain signals to the brain. Cayenne ointment may be applied to the joints to relieve the pain. You can prepare your own treatment with these easy-to-follow instructions:
  What You Will Need:
  

  • 3 tablespoons of cayenne powder
  • 1 cup of grapeseed oil (or any other oil like almond, olive, jojoba)
  • 1/2 cup of grated beeswax
  • A glass jar with a tightly fitting lid
  • A double boiler

  Directions:
  

  • Mix 3 tablespoons of cayenne powder together with a cup of your oil of choice. 
  • Heat the oily mixture in a double boiler for 5-10 minutes on medium heat. 
  • Stir in a half cup of grated beeswax until the substance has fully melted down and everything is blended together. 
  • Keep the cayenne mixture chilled in the refrigerator for 10 minutes, and then whisk. Repeat the step for an additional 10-15 minutes.
  • Pour into a glass jar with a tightly fitting lid in the refrigerator, and apply daily.   

  10.Cinnamon

  The anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, and antioxidant properties contained in cinnamon help repair damaged tissues and increase bone density. The powerful spice is an ideal wonder drug for people suffering from Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Cinnamon blends well with honey, and helps soothe the discomforting areas.
  Mix a half teaspoon of cinnamon powder with a tablespoon of honey, into a cup of warm water or add the combination to your tea. A honey cinnamon paste can be made, and massaged gently over the painful areas.
  
  11. Peppermint Eucalyptus Oil Blend
  Peppermint and eucalyptus oil, when combined, offer a soothing sensation to the achy arthritic joints. Here's how to prepare the mixture: 
  What You Will Need:
  

  • 5-10 drops of Eucalyptus oil
  • 5-10 drops of Peppermint oil
  • 1-2 tablespoons of carrier oil (olive, almond, grape seed, etc.)
  • A small dark glass bottle

  Directions:
  

  • Blend 5-10 drops of eucalyptus and peppermint oil together, and then add 1-2 tablespoons of carrier oil to the mixture. 
  • Carrier oil dilutes the essential oil, to prevent skin irritation. 
  • Keep the concoction stored in a dark glass bottle, far away from direct sunlight. 
  • Rub the mixture gently onto the painful joints. 12. Cherries
    Cherries are excellent sources of magnesium and potassium, both vital components for treating joint discomfort and pain. The potassium acts as a natural anti-inflammatory. Make sure you eat a handful of cherries every day to keep the inflammation away! You can prepare a homemade cherry syrup by boiling a few cherries in water for a couple of minutes. Once the water thoroughly boils, it will form into a sweet tasting syrup.  
    
    13. Juniper Berry Tea
    Juniper berries are used to treat arthritic pain, nerve pain and gout. They contain the powerful anti-inflammatory compound, known as terpinen-4-ol. Note: Pregnant women should not drink juniper tea because it can lead to miscarriages.
    
    Here's how to prepare juniper tea:  
    What You Will Need:
    
  • 1 tablespoon of dried juniper berries
  • 1 cup of fresh water
  • A teaspoon of honey 

  Directions:
  

  • Place a tablespoon of fresh juniper berries into a cup of boiled water. Add a teaspoon of honey to increase the flavor. 
  • Pour the boiling water over the berries, and allow them to soak for 20 minutes before straining. 
  • Drink the tea twice per day.

   

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New way to fight therapy-resistant prostate cancer found

Scientists have identified a signalling circuit in cells that can be targeted to treat advanced prostate cancer in patients who are resistant to existing therapies.
 
Prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of death after lung cancer in American men, researchers said.

Currently, the most effective treatment for advanced prostate cancer is to deprive the cancer of what feeds it – androgen hormones, such as testosterone.

However, almost all patients eventually develop resistance to this therapy, leaving doctors with no options to counteract the inevitable.

The study at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) in the US shows that a “constitutively active” signalling circuit can trigger cells to grow into tumours and drive therapy resistance in advanced prostate cancer.

A cell signal pathway with constitutive activity requires no binding partner (ligand) to activate; instead, the signalling circuit continually activates itself.

This signalling circuit, which is composed of a protein complex IkBa/NF-kB (p65) and several other molecules, controls the expression of stem cell transcription factors (proteins that guide the conversion of genetic information from DNA to RNA) that fuel the aggressive growth of these resistant cancer cells.

“The fact that the constitutive activation of NF-kB in the circuit is independent of traditional activation opens the door for potential treatment options,” said Jun-Li Luo, associate professor at TSRI.
NF-kB plays important roles in cancer development, and it is regarded as one of the most important targets for cancer therapy.
However, the use of NF-kB inhibitors in treating cancer is complicated by severe side effects related to immunosuppression caused by indiscriminate inhibition of NF-kB in normal immune cells.

Luo noted that targeting the other non-IkBa/NF-kB components in this signalling circuit would avoid the suppression of NF-?B in normal immune cells while keeping the potent anti-cancer efficacy.

In addition to IkBa/NF-kB, the signalling circuit includes the microRNA miR-196b-3p, Meis2 and PPP3CC. While miR-196b-3p promotes tumour development, Meis2, which is an essential developmental gene in mammals, can disrupt the circuit when overexpressed.

The protein PPP3CC can inhibit NF-kB activity in prostate cancer cells.

“Disrupting this circuit by targeting any of its individual components blocks the expression of these transcription factors and significantly impairs therapy-resistant prostate cancer,” said Ji-Hak Jeong, research associate at TSRI.

The study was published in the journal Molecular Cell.
 

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Signs that Indicate Your Body Wants You to Cut Back on Salt

If you've just been diagnosed with high blood pressure, this is one clear sign that you may be overdoing it on the salt. Other than this, some of the other signs which cautions are- 

1. Your ring  feels too tight suddenly-

If the ring on your finger suddenly feels two sizes too small, it could very well be caused by water retention, which can happen when you load up on salt. The body works in a complex way. It must maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes. Therefore loading up on sodium may trigger your brain to release hormones that tell your body to hold onto as much water as possible. 

2. Your mouth is dry One of the reasons why your mouth may feel dry is because of salt. After loading up on foods that are rich in sodium, your body will start to sense that your salt and water levels are off. Consequently, your brains sends out thirst signals as drinking more water will have things returned back to normal. 

3. You have a headache

A  study published in the British Medical Journey found that there's a strong link between high blood pressure and headaches. It was found that heavy salt eaters were more likely to get a headache, even if their blood pressure was normal. In the study, adults who ate 3,500mg of sodium per day had nearly a third more headaches in comparison to those who only took in 1,500 mg. So, if you do feel a throbbing headache coming on, try cutting back on the salt. 

 4. You feel a need to keep going to the bathroom

Drinking too much water may be the reason you need to urinate so often. Yet it is not the only cause. Eating too much salt can have the same effect. When you include too much salt your kidneys have to work overtime in order to clear the extra salt out, which may cause you to pee more than usual. 

5. Your brain is in a fog

If you are overdoing it on salt, you may end up dehydrated. As a result, dehydration may affect your ability to think clearly. According to a  study published in the Journal of Nutrition, mildly dehydrated women performed worse on cognitive tests measuring concentration, memory, reasoning and reaction time compared to when they were hydrated. The study also found that the dehydration sent their moods plummeting too. 

Tip
No matter what symptoms you are dealing with, one of the best ways to slash your sodium is to cut back on processed foods and drink more water. This will allow your body to catch up and get back into balance. Once your sodium is back to normal again, try to keep your salt intake under control. The U.S. dietary guidelines recommend eating less than 2,300mg per day. 

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Anti-ageing serum can do more harm than good for elderly people

A team of researchers has found that by removing senescent cells, it may bring us one step closer to the "fountain of youth". However, experts warned that an anti-ageing serum could be a few years off yet as the drugs may be unsafe for elderly people.
 
A drug has previously been found to help elderly mice regrow their hair, run faster and live for longer. It works by removing cells in skin tissue that naturally accumulate as the rodents grow older.

But the senescent cells - which are unable to reproduce themselves and prevent tissue growth - are also found in humans. The study was published in the journal Trends in Molecule Medicine.

"This strategy may bring us one step closer to the " fountain of youth," but it's important to be cautious and not hype," said researcher of aging Peter de Keizer of the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands.

They noticed that these permanently arrested cells accumulate in mature tissue and that some of them secrete factors that are harmful to tissue function and impair their neighboring cells.

To explain what causes this noise in the system, de Keizer proposes a "senescence-stem lock model" in which the chronic secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by these senescent cells keeps neighboring cells in a permanent stem-like state and thereby prevents proper tissue renewal.

"A perfect anti-senescence therapy would not only clear senescent cells, but also kick-start tissue rejuvenation by stimulating differentiation of nearby stem cells. This may be complementary with, for instance, the exciting approaches recently made in the field of transient expression of stem cell factors," de Keizer stated.
There's still much basic research to be done before humans visit their local rejuvenation clinic for their annual shot of anti-aging serum.

Senescent cells do have a temporary role in wound healing, so you don't want to eliminate them when you are injured or at the wrong point in time.

"I would also advise caution for claiming too much, too soon about the benefits of the fast-growing list of therapeutic compounds that are being discovered. That being said, these are clearly very exciting times, and I am confident we will find applicable anti-senescence treatments that can counteract age-related pathologies," de Keizer explained.

Researchers will also need to think about when such treatments should be administered (such as before or after the onset of certain conditions) and who would benefit the most.

The potentially high cost of an anti-aging therapy, as well as off-target toxicity, could also be limiting factors for widespread market use as it is translated.

De Keizer, who plans to co-found a start-up based on the discovery of anti-senescence compounds from his lab, is hopeful that cell-penetrating peptides that can block specific activities of these retired cells could be the path forward over broad-range inhibitors.

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Childhood asthmas risk can be cut by Omega-3 supplements

The would-be-mothers taking certain omega-3 fatty acid supplements during their third trimester of pregnancy can reduce the risk of childhood chronic wheezing problems or asthma by age five, finds a new study.

The research, published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that women who were prescribed 2.4 grams of long-chain omega-3 supplements during the third trimester of pregnancy reduced their children's risk of asthma by 31 percent.

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which include Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) are found in cold water fish and key to regulating human immune response.

"We've long suspected there was a link between the anti-inflammatory properties of long-chain omega-3 fats, the low intakes of omega-3 in Western diets and the rising rates of childhood asthma," said Hans Bisgaard of COPSAC at the Copenhagen University Hospital in Denmark.

"This study proves that they are definitively and significantly related," he added. The study used rapid analytical techniques developed and performed at the University of Waterloo in Canada to measure levels of EPA and DHA in pregnant women's blood.
"Measuring the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in blood provides an accurate and precise assessment of nutrient status," said lead researcher Ken Stark.

"Our labs are uniquely equipped to measure fatty acids quickly, extremely precisely and in a cost-efficient manner," he added.
The researchers analysed blood samples of 695 Danish women at 24 weeks' gestation and one week after delivery. They then monitored the health status of each participating child for five years, which is the age asthma symptoms can be clinically established.

The findings revealed that women with low blood levels of EPA and DHA at the beginning of the study benefited the most from the supplements.

For these women, it reduced their children's relative risk of developing asthma by 54 percent. "Identifying these women and providing them with supplements should be considered a front-line defense to reduce and prevent childhood asthma," Stark stated.

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How Your Gut Microbes May Be Thwarting Your Diet

As if changing dietary habits weren’t hard enough, it turns out there are other elements at play which slow things down: The microbes that live inside us. A new study in the journal Cell Host & Microbe offers some clues as to why it sometimes the body doesn’t seem to respond to changes in eating habits in the way it “should.” It finds that the effects of switching from a typical unhealthy American diet to a calorie-restricted plant-based are slowed because of the stubborn microbes that have proliferated during our prior (unhealthy) ways. More and more research has suggested that we’re not alone when it comes to our health. And the new study adds weight to that idea that the food choices we make are complicated by the trillions of microbes living inside us.
 
The team from Washington University in St. Louis took fecal samples from people who ate a typical American diet – processed foods, high amounts of animal protein, and fewer fruits and vegetables – and from those who ate a calorie-restricted, plant-based diet. The people in the latter group had much more diverse arrays of bacteria, some of which are known to be linked to better health. The team inoculated microbe-free mice with one or the other type of sample, so that their guts would be colonized by the respective assortments of microbes. Then they fed the mice one or the other type of diet—that is, diets that either matched or opposed the type of bacterial culture they’d been given.

It turned out that mice whose guts were colonized with an American diet didn’t respond as well to eating a plant-based diet. Their gut bacteria did shift in that direction, but it was slower to do so, which suggests that healthy eating can’t immediately overhaul a less healthy bacterial makeup.

There was another bizarre finding: When the researchers paired up mice with each other (housing a mouse with American-diet intestines with one with plant-based-diet-intestines), this actually helped things a bit. There was enough exchange of bacteria through contact that the guts of American-diet-mice shifted more quickly—which may suggest that we (if we’re like mice in this way) may also be affected by the microbes of those around us. “Humans continuously shed microorganisms; a vivid and experimentally validated image is that each individual is literally surrounded by a cloud of his/her microbes,” they write. Still, how the current study’s results apply to humans is a question that will need to be addressed more directly in future work.

Other research has certainly shown that shifts in diet can have profound effects on gut bacteria, and on our health. Last year, a study had people swap diets for just two weeks (from American to vegetable-based and vice versa), and recorded remarkable changes in their microbiomes, and even in their colon cancer risk.
 
And the current team’s previous research, headed by Jeffrey Gordon, has shown that the makeup of gut microbes can affect weight: Mice given gut bacteria from obese humans gained weight, even while eating low-fat mouse chow. Other studies over the past several years have linked gut microbes to everything from heart disease risk to depression.

"We have an increasing appreciation for how nutritional value and the effects of diets are impacted by a consumer's microbiota," said Gordon in a statement. "We hope that microbes identified using approaches such as those described in this study may one day be used as next-generation probiotics."

This is all to say that, because of the microbes that live in us, what we consume is not so straightforward. The gut is a bewilderingly complicated system and it’s clear from the research that we are much more than what we eat. While researchers are hashing it out, eating a plant-based diet provides well-illustrated benefits to both you and your microbes. Don’t worry too much if eating more healthily doesn’t have an immediate effect on your weight. You may have changed your diet for the better, but it may take some time for the microbes inside you to catch up.

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New targets found for treating bone marrow disorders

Scientists have found a new mechanism that controls blood cell function and several possible molecular targets for treating a group of pre-malignant disorders in which bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells.

Myelodysplasia syndromes (MDS) can lead to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), a fast-spreading blood cancer that can be deadly if not treated promptly.

Researchers from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre in the US led by cancer biologist Daniel Starczynowski, found that overexpression of a protein called TRAF6 in hematopoietic (blood) cells drives the onset of MDS.

TRAF6 normally functions as an immune sensor of pathogens, researchers said.

"We found that TRAF6 over-expression in mouse hematopoietic stem cells results in impaired blood cell formation and bone marrow failure," said Starczynowski, from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre.

"Based on our paper, a number of therapeutic approaches can be tested and directed against TRAF6 and other related proteins responsible for MDS," said Starczynowski.

In testing on laboratory mouse models and human MDS/AML samples, the researchers identified a novel substrate of TRAF6 called hnRNPA1, an RNA binding protein.

They also found molecular interactions with Cdc42, a protein that helps regulate cells also implicated in cancer.

All of these could be potential treatment targets for cases of MDS triggered by over-expression of TRAF6, according to Starczynowski, who said future studies will test their therapeutic potential in mouse models of MDS.

The researchers were able to identify the new molecular targets by conducting a global proteomic analysis of human leukemia cells.

This allowed them to the see entire complement of proteins regulated by TRAF6 in leukemia cells.

Beyond the potential for new therapeutic approaches in treating MDS or AML, the research showed a new and critical immune-related function for TRAF6, scientists said.

In response to various pathogens, the protein also regulates RNA isoform expression, an important step in the translation of genetic code into protein and cell formation.

In the context of the current study, TRAF6's regulation of RNA isoform expression is important to the function of hematopoietic cells and reveals another dimension to how cells respond to infection, Starczynkowski said.

The research was published in the journal Nature Immunology.

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NCBS & inStem presents new insights into how brain responds to trauma

National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) and the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem) have gained insights into how a single instance of severe stress can lead to delayed and long-term psychological trauma.

The two Bengaluru-based research centres have indicated that a single stressful incident can lead to increased electrical activity in a brain region known as the amygdala. The activity is delayed, occurring 10 days after a single episode of stress, and is dependent on a molecule known as the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDA-R), a protein on nerve cells known to be crucial for memory functions.

The work pinpoints key molecular and physiological processes that could be driving changes in brain architecture. The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped groups of nerve cells located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain. This region of the brain is known to play key roles in emotional reactions, memory and making decisions. Changes in the amygdala are linked to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),.

The NCBS  team led by Prof. Sumantra Chattarji, was represented by Farhana Yasmin and Kapil Saxena along with  Bruce S. McEwen, head, Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York established that the new nerve connections in the amygdala lead to heightened electrical activity in this region of the brain.

Furthermore, a well-known protein involved in memory and learning, NMDA-R has been recognised as one of the agents that bring about these changes. Blocking the NMDA-R during the stressful period not only stopped the formation of new synapses, but  also blocked the increase in electrical activity at these synapses.

Previously, Chattarji’s group had shown that a single instance of acute stress had no immediate effects on the amygdala of rats. But 10 days later, these animals began to show increased anxiety, and delayed changes in the architecture of their brains, especially the amygdala.

“We showed that our study system is applicable to PTSD. This delayed effect after a single episode of stress was reminiscent of what happens in PTSD patients. We know that the amygdala is hyperactive in PTSD patients. But no one knows as of now, what is going on in there,” said Prof. Chattarji.

Investigations revealed major changes in the microscopic structure of the nerve cells in the amygdala. Stress seems to have caused the formation of new nerve connections called synapses in this region of the brain.

Prof. Chattarji’s group first began their investigations on  stress affecting  the amygdala and other regions of the brain around 10 years ago. The work required the team to employ an array of highly specialised and diverse procedures that range from observing behaviour to recording electrical signals from single brain cells and using an assortment of microscopy techniques.

“Now we have for the first time, a molecular mechanism that shows what is required for the culmination of events 10 days after a single stress,” said Prof. Chattarji.

“Most studies on stress are done on a chronic stress paradigm with repeated stress, or with a single stress episode where changes are looked at immediately afterwards, like a day after the stress,” said Yasmin.

“To do this, we need to use a variety of techniques and collaborations with experts We acknowledge the support of Wadhwani Foundation and DBT-DAE for funding this work,” he added.

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