Radical treatment of oral infection is not necessary before stem cell transplantation

A recent scientific study suggests that contrary to the conventional belief, oral infection has no association with the risk of patients that people developing serious infectious diseases within 6 months of undergoing stem cell transplantation.

During the study, researchers investigated to find out if oral infections are associated with infectious complications as well as mortality rate after stem cell transplantation.

Contrary to our assumptions, untreated oral infections had no connection with post-stem cell transplantation survival during the 6-month follow-up period. Another surprise was that they has no link with any serious infectious complications occurring during the follow-up period, said the lead researcher.

The process of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used for treating cancers and other severe blood and autoimmune diseases.

Owing to long duration required for recovery of the human immune system following stem cell transplantation procedure, patients generally have a heightened risk of infections.

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Fasting Can Regenerate Your Immune System

Fasting literally to totally abstain from in take of any food. It is the process of abstaining from consumption of solid food, sometimes even liquids, for spiritual, medical or experimental reasons. Religious scriptures describe the process of fasting as a medium to make us realize the fragility of our existence and how much we depend on things beyond ourselves for survival.

However, in the medical literature, the effects of fasting have been highly debated. Some scientists believe and propagate depriving the human body of the food, which is responsible for production of energy in the body, causes weakness and  fatigue. On the other hand, recent scientific researches have concluded that abstaining from meals for a certain period of time can actually help in regeneration of the immune system in human body!

Far from being a potential hazard for health which many label it as, fasting has been proved in recent studies to boost the immune system and regenerate it entirely. As remarkable as it sounds, it is an exercise that is absolutely cost free too. Even intermittent abstinence from consuming food, for a small period of 8-10 hours, can prove to be beneficial for the overall health of the body. To evaluate the history of mankind, in ancient times regular meals were not accessible. Food was eaten when available, rest of the times were spent on an involuntary fasting. Until a prey was caught for meals, our ancestors went for long with the absence of food.

And, they evidently lived healthier lives. A hypothesis given by scientist Valter Longo, based on extensive studies describes the benefits of fasting. When the body is starving, the whole system functions to conserve energy stores of the body by recycling the unwanted immune cells of the body, majorly the damaged ones, and saving energy. This decrease in the number of white blood cells triggers the stem cells to form new immune cells. The enzyme protein kinase A (PKA) and IGF-1 levels are reduced in the body during fasting, which leads to a transduction change in the hematopoietic stem cells that promote self-renewal and regeneration. PKA enzyme is also related to aging, so the decrease in its levels promotes anti-aging. 

Prolonged period of fasting forces the body to use the stores of fats and glucose. The benefits of fasting can prove beneficial for patients who have undergone chemotherapy or are susceptible to diseases or even for the people seeking anti-aging treatment.

The basic mechanism of destruction of the unwanted population of white blood cells and replacement of these old cells by triggering a fresh release of new immune system cells, aids in the regeneration of the immune system. 

The dietary intervention in the patients who have undergone chemotherapy is, however, being further evaluated, before being suggested for use in patients.

Other harmful effects of chemotherapy may be mitigated by fasting, hence dietary changes should be made only after proper diet consultation from the physician.

A 72-hr fasting period is a long time period, and can be very difficult for a normal, healthy person to follow.

To avoid any hypo-glycemic episodes, prior expert consultation is advised.

Mild side effects like feeling of fatigue or drowsiness can be experienced while fasting.

Other important factors to be ensured prior to a long fasting period is that a person should consume a liquid diet 2 days before fasting.

This prepares the body to sustain during the absence of food during the 3-days fasting period.

Currently, research work is being conducted to study the benefits of fasting on other parts of the body apart from the immune system.

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New targets found for treating bone marrow disorders

Scientists have found a new mechanism that controls blood cell function and several possible molecular targets for treating a group of pre-malignant disorders in which bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells.

Myelodysplasia syndromes (MDS) can lead to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), a fast-spreading blood cancer that can be deadly if not treated promptly.

Researchers from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre in the US led by cancer biologist Daniel Starczynowski, found that overexpression of a protein called TRAF6 in hematopoietic (blood) cells drives the onset of MDS.

TRAF6 normally functions as an immune sensor of pathogens, researchers said.

"We found that TRAF6 over-expression in mouse hematopoietic stem cells results in impaired blood cell formation and bone marrow failure," said Starczynowski, from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre.

"Based on our paper, a number of therapeutic approaches can be tested and directed against TRAF6 and other related proteins responsible for MDS," said Starczynowski.

In testing on laboratory mouse models and human MDS/AML samples, the researchers identified a novel substrate of TRAF6 called hnRNPA1, an RNA binding protein.

They also found molecular interactions with Cdc42, a protein that helps regulate cells also implicated in cancer.

All of these could be potential treatment targets for cases of MDS triggered by over-expression of TRAF6, according to Starczynowski, who said future studies will test their therapeutic potential in mouse models of MDS.

The researchers were able to identify the new molecular targets by conducting a global proteomic analysis of human leukemia cells.

This allowed them to the see entire complement of proteins regulated by TRAF6 in leukemia cells.

Beyond the potential for new therapeutic approaches in treating MDS or AML, the research showed a new and critical immune-related function for TRAF6, scientists said.

In response to various pathogens, the protein also regulates RNA isoform expression, an important step in the translation of genetic code into protein and cell formation.

In the context of the current study, TRAF6's regulation of RNA isoform expression is important to the function of hematopoietic cells and reveals another dimension to how cells respond to infection, Starczynkowski said.

The research was published in the journal Nature Immunology.

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New way of overcoming human stem cell rejection discovered

Biologists have discovered an effective strategy that could prevent the human immune system from rejecting the grafts derived from human embryonic stem cells, a major problem now limiting the development of human stem cell therapies.

The discovery by UC San Diego researchers may also provide scientists with a better understanding of how tumors evade the human immune system when they spread throughout the body.

The study by a collaboration that included scientists from China, was enabled by the development of "humanized" laboratory mice that contained a functional human immune system capable of mounting a vigorous immune rejection of foreign cells derived from human embryonic stem cells.

Because human embryonic stem cells are different from our own body's cells, or "allogenic," a normally functioning human immune system will attack these foreign cells. One way to reduce the body's "allogenic immune response" is to suppress the immune system with immunosuppressant drugs.

The biologists took immune deficient laboratory mice and grafted into their bodies human fetal thymus tissues and hematopoietic stem cells derived from fetal liver of the same human donor. "That reconstituted in these mice a normally functioning human immune system that effectively rejects cells derived human embryonic stem cells," Yang Xu, who headed the team of researchers, said.
With these "humanized" mouse models, the biologists then tested a variety of immune suppressing molecules alone or in combination and discovered one combination that worked perfectly to protect cells derived from human embryonic stem cells from immune rejection.

That combination was CTLA4-lg, an FDA-approved drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis that suppresses T-cells responsible for immune rejection, and a protein called PD-L1 known to be important for inducing immune tolerance in tumors.

The researchers discovered that the combination of these two molecules allowed the allogeneic cells to survive in humanized mice without triggering an immune rejection.

The study was published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

 THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.








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