Scientists discover new technique depicting cancer cells grow, spread in colon tissue

Researchers have observed how stem cell mutations quietly arise and spread throughout a widening field of the colon until they eventually predominate and become malignant.

Using an innovative modelling system in mice, the researchers visually tagged colon cancer mutations by causing stem cells to glow.

Mutations found in colon cancer were then visualised in the animals, illuminating a sort of tournament-to-the-death underway in the intestine in which one or another mutation prevailed over the others to become the driving force of a malignancy.

An Asst. Prof. said, this study provides new insight into the previously invisible process in which mutant precancerous stem cells spread throughout the colon and seed cancer.

Our technique sets a firm foundation for testing new therapies that interrupt this early, pre-malignant process. We hope to one day target and eliminate these stealth precancerous cells to prevent cancer, he added.

In this way, the researchers found key differences in how the intestinal habitats common to babies and adults grow pre-cancerous fields of mutant cells. At a critical period, newborns are sensitive to the effects of mutations within intestinal stem cells.

This insidiously seeds large fields of premalignant mutated cells through the intestine- a process called field cancerization-- that dramatically increases cancer risk.

These fields of mutated cells can grow and spread for years without being detected by current screening techniques; often, they remain harmless, but under proper conditions, these can rapidly becomes cancerous later in adults.

The researchers also observed that some colon cancer mutations found in patients can lead to a striking increase in the fertility of the invention surrounding precancerous fields. Ultimately, this leads to the rapid spread of fields throughout the intestine, with lethal consequences.

Certain common mutations that arise from external sources, such as an injury or an environmental exposure, could also disrupt the environment surrounding the stem cell and lead to the rapid growth and spread of precancerous fields.

These occurrences can be especially lethal in adults and occur much more rapidly than previously expected- as if dropping a match on a drought-stricken forest.

Field cancerisation has been suggested to be the defining event that initiates the process of cancer growth, including cancers of the breast, skin and lung, said the researcher.

Our technique allows us to model how premalignant cells compete and expand within a field by simple fluorescent imaging, potentially leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     
https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement     

New targets found for treating bone marrow disorders

Scientists have found a new mechanism that controls blood cell function and several possible molecular targets for treating a group of pre-malignant disorders in which bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells.

Myelodysplasia syndromes (MDS) can lead to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), a fast-spreading blood cancer that can be deadly if not treated promptly.

Researchers from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre in the US led by cancer biologist Daniel Starczynowski, found that overexpression of a protein called TRAF6 in hematopoietic (blood) cells drives the onset of MDS.

TRAF6 normally functions as an immune sensor of pathogens, researchers said.

"We found that TRAF6 over-expression in mouse hematopoietic stem cells results in impaired blood cell formation and bone marrow failure," said Starczynowski, from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre.

"Based on our paper, a number of therapeutic approaches can be tested and directed against TRAF6 and other related proteins responsible for MDS," said Starczynowski.

In testing on laboratory mouse models and human MDS/AML samples, the researchers identified a novel substrate of TRAF6 called hnRNPA1, an RNA binding protein.

They also found molecular interactions with Cdc42, a protein that helps regulate cells also implicated in cancer.

All of these could be potential treatment targets for cases of MDS triggered by over-expression of TRAF6, according to Starczynowski, who said future studies will test their therapeutic potential in mouse models of MDS.

The researchers were able to identify the new molecular targets by conducting a global proteomic analysis of human leukemia cells.

This allowed them to the see entire complement of proteins regulated by TRAF6 in leukemia cells.

Beyond the potential for new therapeutic approaches in treating MDS or AML, the research showed a new and critical immune-related function for TRAF6, scientists said.

In response to various pathogens, the protein also regulates RNA isoform expression, an important step in the translation of genetic code into protein and cell formation.

In the context of the current study, TRAF6's regulation of RNA isoform expression is important to the function of hematopoietic cells and reveals another dimension to how cells respond to infection, Starczynkowski said.

The research was published in the journal Nature Immunology.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.

https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations

https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes 

https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement  

Eating oily fish can prevent oral and skin cancers

Omega-3 fatty acids, contained in oily fish such as salmon and trout, selectively inhibit growth and induce cell death in early and late-stage oral and skin cancers, a new study suggests.

In vitro tests showed omega-3 fatty acids induced cell death in malignant and pre-malignant cells at doses which did not affect normal cells, suggesting they have the potential to be used in both the treatment and prevention of certain skin and oral cancers.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids cannot be made by humans in large quantities and so we must acquire them from our diet.

The scientists  were studying a particular type of cancer called squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC).

Squamous cells are the main part of the outermost layers of the skin, and SCC is one of the major forms of skin cancer.

However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body.   Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are the sixth most common cancer worldwide and are difficult and very expensive to treat.

ps- this is only for information, but always consult you physician before having any particular food/ medication/exercise/other remedies.

ps- those interested in recipes are free to view my blog-

http://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/

for info about knee replacement, you can view my blog-

http://Knee replacement-stick club.blogspot.com/

for crochet designs

http://My Crochet Creations.blogspot.com/

I've not given details about designs, but those interested are free to mail me for the same.

Cancers can be prevented before they develop, says a scientist

Scientists, have uncovered a survival mechanism that occurs in breast cells that have just turned pre-malignant - cells on the cusp between normalcy and cancers - which may lead to new methods of stopping tumours.

The researchers found that a protein known as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), considered a tumour suppressor in early cancer development, can actually promote cancer once a cell drifts into a pre-cancerous state.

The surprising discovery raises the tantalising possibility that, with novel treatment, some cancers might be prevented before they even develop, researchers said.

"Our work suggests it might be possible to halt cancer development in pre-malignant cells-those that are just a few divisions away from being normal," said the study's lead author.

"This study offers both significant insights into early cancer development and a new direction to explore in cancer treatment. It would be fantastic if a single agent could shut down both advanced cancer and cancer that is primed to develop," said  study's senior author.

The researchers conducted this study to learn exactly how p53, a known tumour suppressor, and TGF-beta interact in cancer development.

The team examined pre-malignant as well as cancer cells from breast and lung tumours and matched normal and pre-malignant breast cells from healthy women provided by scientists.

They found that TGF-beta can interfere with cells' damage responses in pre-malignant or cancer cells. They found that TGF-beta halts both the transcription of the p53 gene - the process by which cellular machinery reads the DNA code for a gene - and the subsequent process by which the corresponding p53 protein is produced, known as translation.

This could explain why, in about half of the breast tumours, including pre-malignant lesions, when TGF-beta1 signalling was highly activated, the levels of p53 were reduced, and vice versa if the TGF-beta1 pathway was reduced, there were high levels of p53.

The new findings shed light on how pre-malignant and early cancer cells are able to withstand the assault of chemotherapy and other treatments.

It may explain why 77 per cent of breast cancers have a normal p53 gene, and it further suggests a way that cancer cells can use both to metastasise and survive the journey to organs where they set up a new home.

"Because it helps cells avoid death, TGF-beta can reduce the negative impact that the metastatic process has in the cancer cells,".