Rise in breast cancer leading to more ovarian cancer

Breast cancer, the leading cause of mortality among women in India, is being seen as an augmenting factor in the rise in ovarian cancer cases as well, according to medical experts.

A surgical oncologist , says women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer remain at a higher risk of contracting ovarian cancer due to the presence of the same gene that triggers both cancers.

“Genes are responsible for cancer. Owing to the rise in the incidence of breast cancer, we have observed that there is a considerable increase in cases of ovarian cancer as well in the past few years. Even at that hospital, there have been many cases where a female patient has been diagnosed with both,” the Dr. says.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. However, when either of these genes is mutated — meaning it doesn’t function correctly — the damage to the DNA may not be repaired properly. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer.

“There are two types of genes — BRCA1 and BRCA2 — which are responsible for both breast and ovarian cancer. Dysfunction of these two genes increases the chances of getting diagnosed with both the cancers. An individual with breast cancer, therefore, remains at risk of facing ovarian cancer and vice versa,” Dr. Ray noted.

“If one has breast cancer, there are 30-35 percent chances of also having ovarian cancer. And if the person has ovarian cancer, there are 10-15 percent chances of getting diagnosed with breast cancer,” an oncologist noted.

Specific inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 most notably increasing the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, but they have also been associated with increased risks of several additional types of the disease like fallopian tube cancer, peritoneal cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Women who have inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 tend to develop breast and ovarian cancers at younger ages than those without these mutations.

Although presumed to be more common among women above 50, Dr. noted that both breast and ovarian cancer cases are increasing among women below 35 as well.

“This is owing to poor lifestyle habits. And this is not confined to any particular economic class. A sedentary lifestyle further escalates it,” he added.

Since both cancers are related to genetics, medical experts suggested that women should start screening and gene-testing at an early age.

“For, say, if one or two family members had breast or ovarian cancer then all the women in that family should be tested for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. Secondly, the screening for both breast and ovarian cancer should start early in life. Suppose a woman’s mother had breast cancer at the age of 45, then she should start mammography at the age of 35,” Dr. pointed out.

In India, however, gene tests are still costly which is why many women fail to get diagnosed in time. Dr.  said that a gene test would cost around Rs 25,000 to Rs 26,000.

“In India, almost 90 percent patients come to a doctor when in an advanced stage because they don’t get detected at an early stage. The main reason is that the symptoms of ovarian cancers are very vague. Despite all types of high-tech surgeries, the survival rate is less than 30 percent,” Dr. added.

The doctors claimed that if detected early, both cancers are curable.

“Nowadays, treatment is very good. If a woman diagnosed with breast cancer is detected and treated at an early stage, there are fewer chances of her having ovarian cancer,” Dr. explained.

According to the latest report, breast cancer is leading cancer among Indian women. The report also stated that ovarian cancer has the sixth-highest incidence rate with the majority in some states.

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Find Out If You Are Leptin Resistant

We all battle with our weight and yo-yo dieting is no fun. The truth is, no matter what you do, including eating right and exercising, it’s all in vain if your Leptin is out of whack!
It’s easy to lose your mojo and think that nothing will have an effect. Fad diets have no long term gain and should be avoided. They are perfect for a kick start but not sustainable in the long run.
Real weight maintenance comes from a life of moderation. You need to make lifestyle changes to be truly successful at obtaining  your goal weight and achieving your desired shape.
Your body, when working correctly is a natural fat burning machine. In order to shed pounds, you need to ensure that you aren’t unknowingly sabotaging your own efforts.

thought we’d investigate Leptin Resistance and give you basic information and links.
The more you know, the better chance you will achieve your goals. This infographic gives a great overview of the cycle of Leptin and how it causes you to feel continually hungry and how it leads to ongoing weight gain.

What is Leptin?

Leptin plays a major role in complete hormonal balance. We actually require a substantial amount to burn fat. When we diet, our Leptin levels plummet. Leptin also tells our brain we are full.

Ghrelin- The appetite stimulator
Ghrelin is released from the stomach, and when elevated, sends a signal to your brain letting you know you're hungry and it's time to eat ! Age, gender, blood glucose and leptin levels can all affect ghrelin levels.

Leptin- The appetite suppressor
Leptin, which is stored and secreted by fat cells, is considered to be the master regulator of hunger. When you eat a meal, leptin is released from fat cells and sends a signal to your brain to let you when you're full and to stop eating.

Low Leptin levels are directly linked to comfort eating and overeating.  A Dr. says the following about Leptin.“Leptin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in appetite and weight control. It is thought to have at least two major functions.

First, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to receptors in the appetite centre in the brain, regulating brain cells that tell you how much to eat. Second, it increases nervous system activity which stimulates fatty tissue to burn energy” 

One of the first things you can do to increase your weight loss efforts is to get decent sleep. It’s the time your body repairs and burns calories. There’s a reason it’s called beauty sleep.
This infographic shows you the results of a study that indicate that those that sleep 8 hours a night overall have a lower Body Mass Index.

Tips To Reverse Leptin Resistance
1. Get on the right type and dose of thyroid hormone. For most people this will require pure T3 formulations like cytomel or Liothyronine. 
2/ Add in high intensity interval training. Avoid doing low intensity exercise- I recommend starting with 10-15 minutes of bouts once a week.
3. Avoid highly processed foods. These foods increase inflammation. High levels of inflammation make thyroid function worse and lead to the downward spiral of leptin resistance.
4. Get 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Lack of sleep can increase Leptin levels.
5. Reduce the amount of fructose you're consuming. That includes fruits too !
6. Stop yo-yo dieting or calorie restricted dieting. This will increase Leptin and reverse T 3 levels.
7. Optimise T4-T3 conversion. Consider using zinc and selenium for this conversion.
8. Consider using medications to lower Leptin levels.The GLP-1 Agonists can be effective in helping patients lose weight without changing their diet or exercise.

How To Reverse Leptin Resistance

A Dr. has these suggestions for getting on top of your Leptin Resistance.
Firstly check you are on the right Thyroid Medication. Adding in 15 minutes of high intensity training will have great results and is more beneficial than lower impact exercise.
He also suggests removing highly processed foods and that you ensure you are getting 7-8 hours of sleep per night. Reducing Fructose should also be considered. Whilst medications are on offer, we would much rather you try natural remedies.
Drinking water is a must. When dehydrated, your body thinks it needs food when water will suffice. By drinking lots of water you are flushing your system and maintaining a full feeling which means you won’t need to eat as much.
Portion control is also another game changer in weight loss. By reducing the size of your meals even slightly the calories saved will add up enormously over a week.

The Tale Of The Two Fat-Loss Hormones
Ghrelin- made in the stomach, it tends to rise before and decrease after meals.
It is regarded as the only appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, ghrelin is one of the main contributors in giving people the " munchies" to eat unhealthy snacks.
Additionally it has been shown that ghrelin is released directly in response to stressful solutions and injecting ghrelin has been shown to initiate the stress response in humans. This explain, as to why so many people have the tendency to eat when they're stressed.

Leptin- it is known as the " starvation" hormone, because it notifies your brain when you've enough food in your stomach and that your energy levels are sufficient.
At your ideal set-point, adipose cells will produce a given amount of leptin, which will maintain the internal energy balance needed for necessary cellular function and proper weight management.
Subsequently, weight gain will cause your blood leptin levels to increase and weight loss will result in decreased levels.
Unfortunately, overweight and obese people are generally leptin-resistant, which contributes to further weight gain.

How you can affect each hormone-
Both hormones can be controlled naturally, primarily through exercise and stress management.
Low-to-moderate aerobic activity- like walking or running for 30 minutes each day, increases ghrelin and decreases leptin, the opposite of what you want.
Instead, try " burst training", such as 30 second sprints on a cycle ergometer controlling for low or high intensity, which lowers ghrelin levels.
Similarly, " high-intensity" training significantly lowered leptin concentrations when compared to low-intensity exercise.
Current studies indicate that high intensity, burst training is most effective at not only curbing appetite and controlling weight gain in the short-term, but also long term.

Here are some other rules that you will find helpful.

• 1: Eat your dinner early and nothing after
• 2: Stick to 3 Meals a day and don’t snack
• 3: Reduce the portion sizes of your meals
•  4: Have a Protein Packed Breakfast
• 5: Reduce Your Carb Intake

How Does Leptin Affect You?

Leptin is your appetite suppressor – the hormone that signals your body that you’ve had enough to eat and is a key player in optimizing weight loss.

As mentioned, certain foods can block or increase leptin. Although leptin reduces appetite, obese individuals generally exhibit an unusually high circulating concentration of leptin. These people are said to be resistant to the effects of leptin, in much the same way that people with type 2 diabetes are resistant to the effects of insulin. This is called leptin resistance. The pathway of leptin control in obese people is flawed in some way so that the body does not adequately receive a signal of satiety after eating.

You need to lose weight in order for your body to get the message that you’re full after eating! As you lose weight, your body will become more sensitive to Leptin.

According to a Dr., there are 5 Sneaky Signs You Are Leptin Resistant. See if you recognize any other the symptoms below.

• 1. You Follow a Typical Modern Diet
• 2. You’re Stressed Out and Sleep Deprived
• 3. You Aren’t Eating Nearly Enough
• 4. You Have Food Cravings Constantly
• 5. You’re Overweight (or Underweight)

A great place to start is by reading up on Leptin. A nutritionist and for the record, this is not a new phenomenon. This book was written in 2006. Here’s what he says.

The Leptin Diet explains how to unleash the power of hormones to resolve fatigue, food cravings, thyroid problems, and body weight issues. Mastering the fat hormone leptin is the single most important factor in preventing obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. 

Leptin problems are the primary reason for food cravings, overeating, faulty metabolism, the obsession with food, and heart disease. 

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                                                                                                                                        PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/  

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Type 2 diabetes drug can exhaust insulin-producing cells, claims new study

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.

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Long-term use of liraglutide - a drug used to lower blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients - may have a deteriorating effect on insulin-producing beta cells, leading to an increase in blood sugar levels, a new study has claimed.

There is now compelling evidence that liraglutide therapy is efficacious at least in the short term, since it produces an initial reduction in blood sugar. However, many patients do not respond to the treatment and some even display adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Researchers from Karolinska Institute in Sweden and University of Miami in US conducted a study on mice implanted with human insulin-producing cells. Blood-sugar suppressors in the form of analogues of the incretin hormone GLP-1 are commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, since they stimulate the glucose response of the pancreatic beta cells to make them secrete more insulin.

To study the long-term effects of incretin therapy, researchers worked with humanised mice, generated by transplanting human insulin-producing cells into the anterior chamber of the eye. The mice were given daily doses of liraglutide for more than 250 days, during which time the researchers were able to monitor how the pancreatic beta cells were affected.

The results showed an initial improvement in the insulin-producing cells, followed by a gradual exhaustion, with reduced secretion of insulin as a response to glucose. This, they say, was unexpected.

"Given the lack of clinical studies on the long-term effect of these drugs in diabetes patients, this is a very important discovery," said Midhat Abdulreda from University of Miami. "We also need to take these results into account before prescribing blood-sugar suppressing GLP-1 analogues when planning long-term treatment regimens for patients," said Per-Olof Berggren from Karolinska Institute.

"Our study also shows in general how to carry out in vivo studies of the long-term effects of drugs on human insulin-producing cells, which should be extremely important to the drug industry," said Berggren.

The findings were published in the journal Cell Metabolism.

Seven new genes for head and neck cancer discovered

In a breakthrough, scientists have used a novel RNA technique to discover seven new tumour-suppressor genes for head and neck cancers whose role was previously unknown.

The technique developed by Rockefeller University's Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development can eliminate the random bystander genes and identify the ones that are critical for cancer, researchers said.

Applying the technique to head and neck cancers, scientists found seven new tumour-suppressor genes whose role in cancer was previously unknown.

The new technique, which the lab recently applied to a screen for skin tumour genes, is particularly useful because it takes a fraction of the resources and much less time than the traditional method for determining gene function - breeding genetically modified animals to study the impact of missing genes.

"Using knockout mice, which are model organisms bred to have a particular gene missing, is not feasible when there are 800 potential head and neck cancer genes to sort through," said Daniel Schramek, a postdoctoral fellow in the lab.

"It can take about two years per gene. Our method can assess about 300 genes in a single mouse, in as little as five weeks," Schramek.

The researchers made use of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference, a natural process whereby RNA molecules inhibit gene expression.

They took short pieces of RNA which are able to turn off the function of specific genes, attached them to highly concentrated viruses, and then, using ultrasound to guide the needle without damaging surrounding tissue, they injected the viruses into the sacs of mouse embryos.

When the mice grew, the researchers determined which genes, when turned off, were promoting tumour growth, and what they found was surprising.

"Among the seven novel tumour suppressor genes we found, our strongest hit was Myh9, which codes for the protein myosin IIa, a motor protein with well-known function in cell structure and cell migration," said Schramek.

"Through further functional studies we found that myosin IIa is also required for activation of the main guardian of the genome - a tumour suppressor protein called p53," said Schramek.

The lab showed that when the myosin IIa gene was mutated, p53 was not able to build up in the cell nucleus, and chaos ensued: genes responsible for repairing damaged cells and killing off tumour cells were not activated, and invasive carcinomas spread within three months.

The researchers devised a strategy to reactivate p53 in these cells, and showed in vitro that tumour suppression was restored.

ps- this is only for information, always consult you physician before having any particular food/ medication/exercise/other remedies.

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Tanning gene linked to high testicular cancer risk

A gene that is important in skin tanning has been linked to increased risk for testicular cancer in white men, according to a study.

Scientists found that almost 80 percent of white men carry a variant form of this gene, which increased risk of testicular cancer up to threefold in the study.

The team suspected that variations in a gene pathway controlled by the tumour suppressor gene p53 could have both positive and negative effects on human health.

The author on the paper and researcher , said that gene variations occur naturally, and may become common in a population if they convey a health benefit.

He asserted that it appears that this particular variant could help protect light-skinned individuals from UV skin damage, like burning or cancer, by promoting the tanning process, but it permits testicular stem cells to grow in the presence of DNA damage, when they are supposed to stop growing.

He explained that p53 stimulates skin tanning when ultraviolet light activates it in the skin. It then must bind a specific sequence of DNA located in a gene called the KIT ligand oncogene (KITLG), which stimulates melanocyte production, causing the skin to tan.

ps- this is only for information, always consult you physician before having any particular food/ medication/exercise/other remedies.

ps- those interested in recipes are free to view my blog-

http://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/

for info about knee replacement, you can view my blog-

http://Knee replacement-stick club.blogspot.com/

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