Mitochondria Dump Their Rubbish DNA, And It Could Be Costing Us Our Health

Researchers have discovered a key molecular process that may contribute to chronic inflammation as we age. If this process can be accurately targeted, it could unlock ways to stay healthier in our later years.

The discovery centers on the unique strands of DNA contained within our mitochondria, the power stations of our cells. By banishing their 'mtDNA' into the surrounding cytoplasm, mitochondria can cause inflammation. Yet just how or why this happens has never been well understood.

In this study, researchers led by a team from the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Germany analyzed tissue samples from humans and test animals, using mice genetically engineered to be models of aging and disease.

Researchers have discovered a key molecular process that may contribute to chronic inflammation as we age. If this process can be accurately targeted, it could unlock ways to stay healthier in our later years.

The discovery centers on the unique strands of DNA contained within our mitochondria, the power stations of our cells. By banishing their 'mtDNA' into the surrounding cytoplasm, mitochondria can cause inflammation. Yet just how or why this happens has never been well understood.

In this study, researchers led by a team from the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Germany analyzed tissue samples from humans and test animals, using mice genetically engineered to be models of aging and disease.

Past research has shown that deoxyribonucleotides become less abundant as we grow older, meaning there are fewer genetic building blocks in older cells and in tissues that are senescent, or effectively retired from active duty.

This latest investigation reveals that a lack of these building blocks causes mtDNA to pick up ribonucleotides instead, which may explain why mitochondria reject 'imperfect' copies of this molecule.

That rejection is potentially one of the key drivers behind the inflammation that comes with old age, and the negative health consequences associated with it – from certain types of cancer to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.

 

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Genes linked to Alzheimer's risk, resilience identified

An international team of researchers has identified a pair of genes that influence risk for both late-onset and early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

In the study, the researchers measured soluble TREM2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of 813 older adults, most of whom were aged 55 to 90. Of those subjects, 172 had Alzheimer's disease, 169 were cognitively normal, and another 183 had early mild cognitive impairment.

TREM2 is a protein that is believed to help microglia cells clear excessive amounts of the Alzheimer's proteins amyloid and tau from the brain.

The researchers also analyzed the participants' DNA, conducting genomewide association studies to look for regions of the genome that may influence TREM2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Common variants in the MS4A4A gene had been associated with risk for Alzheimer's, and the study also connects those genes.

"We observed TREM2 risk variants more often in people who had Alzheimer's or were mildly cognitively impaired, compared with those who were cognitively normal," said co-senior investigator. "It turns out that about 30 percent of the population in the study had variations in the MS4A4A gene that appear to affect their risk for developing Alzheimer's disease. Some variants protected people from Alzheimer's or made them more resilient while others increased their risk."

Digging further, the researchers found that variants in the MS4A4A gene cluster linked to an increase in risk for developing Alzheimer's disease are associated with lower levels of soluble TREM2 protein. The other variant, associated with higher levels of TREM2 in the cerebrospinal fluid, seemed to protect against Alzheimer's.

They validated the results in DNA from another 580 older adults. Once again, they found that higher soluble TREM2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid seemed protective, while lower levels increased risk. And those protein levels, whether high or low, were linked to variants in the MS4A4A gene.

"For the past several years, we've been looking at TREM2 and increasing our focus on the involvement of the brain's immune cells in Alzheimer's disease," said  an assistant professor of psychiatry. "These findings give us a new therapeutic strategy to pursue, one focusing not only on neurons but on how the microglia may be involved in helping to clear damaging proteins, such as beta amyloid and tau, that are linked to Alzheimer's disease."

Those gene variants also may play a role in other diseases of the central nervous system, according to Laura Piccio, an associate professor of neurology and another co-senior author.

"By combining large genetic and spinal fluid analyses with laboratory work, we have provided strong evidence of a biological link between TREM2 and proteins in the MS4A gene cluster, both of which previously had been associated with Alzheimer's disease," the Prof. said. "We are beginning to elucidate a molecular pathway in microglia that could be critical not only in Alzheimer's disease but also in other neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system."

The results could provide researchers with new targets and a strategy for delaying the onset of Alzheimer's symptoms.

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Health Benefits Of Onion

Onions are a part of the Allium group of vegetables and herbs, which additionally include chives, garlic, scallions and leeks. Allium vegetables have been known for a long time for their specialty of sharp flavours as well as for their curing and healing properties. Onions are a thick and layered vegetable and while they are low in calories, they are highly advantageous when it comes to a steady supply of vitamins, nutrients, minerals and cancer prevention agents.
Here is how consuming onions can be very beneficial for your health:

1. Organosulfer compounds: Allium vegetables have broadly been known as cancer prevention agents, particularly stomach and colorectal tumours. They have beneficial and healing impacts are likely due to a limited amount of organosulfur compounds present in them as compared to other vegetables.
2. Folate: Folate, found in onions, may help with depression by keeping an overabundance of homocysteine from shaping in the body, which can keep blood and different nutrients from reaching the brain. Abundance of homocysteine hinders the growth of serotonin, which is the happiness hormone.
3. Vitamin C: Adequate intake of vitamin C is required for the building and support of collagen, which gives a sheen and volume to the skin and hair, respectively. Onions have abundance of vitamin C.
4. Other Vitamins: Onion contains common sugar, vitamins A, B6, C, E and minerals, for example, sodium, potassium press and dietary fibre. More importantly, onions contain folic acid, which is very important for a woman’s health especially for pregnant women.
5. Prebiotics: Prebiotics are not generally recommended in heavy doses, however, they sustain the good bacteria in your body. These valuable bacteria then help with the processing and digestion of your food. They help the immune system to a great extent. One such prebiotic is inulin, a water-dissolvable type of dietary fibre that is found in onions. It helps in preventing ulcers.
6. Sulfur: Sulfur helps in bringing down cholesterol and triglycerides. The allium and allyl disulphide in onions have likewise been said to get rid of vein stiffness by discharging nitric oxide. This may reduce the racing heartbeat, get rid of blood clots and decline the danger of heart diseases, vascular diseases and strokes.
7. Quercetin: Quercetin in onions is additionally helpful. It offers both cancer prevention agents and mitigating properties that may help the heart.
8. Cardio-vascular diseases: Onions are shockingly high in gainful polyphenols. These play a critical part in averting and decreasing the movement of diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
9. Regular antihistamin: Quercetin helps in cell reinforcement. It has calming properties that may help fight the painful symptoms of chronic diseases like coronary illness and cancer. Quercetin has been successful in preventing histamine discharge (histamines are the chemicals that cause allergic reactions).

Therefore, onions should be consumed regularly in either a raw form or in your daily vegetables. They not only are easy to consume and digest, but also give you life-long health benefits. 

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Dark chocolate may protect your brain from ageing

Chocoholics, take note! Eating dark chocolate may protect your brain from age-related stress and inflammation that are thought to play an important role in the neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. 

The findings may help explain the beneficial effects on memory seen in people who consume dark chocolate, researchers said. 

Oxidative stress and inflammation increase with ageing and are thought to play an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. 

In a new study, researchers from the University of California San Diego in the US showed that the epicatechin (Epi), a flavanol found in foods such as dark chocolate, reduced damaging oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation in a mouse model of ageing. 

Just two weeks of treatment with epicatechin not only suppressed levels of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation that would normally be increased in this mouse model, but also improved memory and anxiety levels in the mice. 

“We previously reported on the beneficial effects of treatment with the cacao flavanol on ageing-induced oxidative stress and capacity to restore modulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of 26-month-old mice,” researchers said. 

“In the current study, using a similar mouse model of ageing, we examined the capacity of Epi to mitigate hippocampus oxidative stress and inflammation leading to improved memory and anxiety levels,” they said. 

Male mice underwent two weeks of treatment and samples of their brains were collected for the assessment of relevant endpoints. The assessment of the OS markers protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde levels show significant increases with ageing that are suppressed by Epi. 

Altogether, results evidence a unique capacity of Epi to significantly mitigate neuro-inflammation leading to improved brain function. The research was published in the journal Experimental Biology. 

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Reverse symptoms of Alzheimer, Parkinson found

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 A new study describes an innovative strategy that reverses symptoms in the neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer  and Parkinson, at least in fruit flies which had been genetically altered to model the diseases.

These common neurodegenerative disorders cause untold suffering to millions of patients and their families. Treatments for these diseases are limited, and no cures exist.

"The novel approach we used has significant translational implications," said one of the lead researcher, Robert Schwarcz.

"If we can duplicate these effects in patients, we could benefit a lot of people," he added.


Schwarcz, in collaboration with geneticist Flaviano Giorgini at the University of Leicester, focused on metabolites related to the amino acid tryptophan.

When tryptophan degrades in the body, it breaks down into several compounds that have biological activities in the nervous system. One of these, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), has neurotoxic properties whereas another, named kynurenic acid (KYNA), has the ability to prevent nerve cell degeneration.

The relative abundance of these two compounds in the brain may be critical in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and also Huntington's disease.

The next steps will involve testing of the new concept in humans and to examine whether the treatment works for neurodegenerative diseases.

The study has been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.