New rapid blood test to detect 18 infectious, inflammatory diseases in kids

An international team, led by British researchers, has developed a simple blood test which may be able to rapidly diagnose, detect and distinguish between 18 infectious or inflammatory diseases -- including group B Streptococcus (GBS), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and tuberculosis.

Using a single sample of blood, the test could enable clinicians to diagnose the cause of fever based on the distinctive pattern of genes being "switched on or off" by the body in response to specific illnesses.

While current tests for some of the conditions can take several hours, days or even weeks, a test-based on this approach would be capable of providing a result in under 60 minutes.

Researchers from Imperial College London explained that a diagnostic test based on patients' gene expression could drastically improve the diagnosis of childhood diseases, reduce delayed and missed diagnoses, and have a significant impact on health care, especially in developing regions.

"Despite huge strides forward in medical technology, when a child is brought into hospital with a fever, our initial approach is to treat based on the doctors' 'impression' of the likely causes of the child's illness," said Professor Michael Levin, from the Imperial’s Department of Infectious Disease.

"As clinicians, we need to make rapid decisions on treatment, often just based on the child's symptoms, information from the parents, and our medical training and experience," he added, "but we may not know whether a fever is bacterial, viral, or something else until hours or days after a child has been admitted, when their test results come back."

"Such delays can stop patients getting the right treatment early on, so there is a clear and urgent need to improve diagnostics. Using this new approach, once it's translated to near point of care devices, could be transformative for health care."

In the study, researchers explored an approach focused on detecting the pattern of a patient's gene expression in blood that occurs in response to specific infections and inflammatory conditions.

Using data from thousands of patients (including more than 1,000 children with 18 infectious or inflammatory diseases) the team was first able to identify which key genes were switched "on" or "off" in response to a range of illnesses -- providing a molecular signature of disease.

Machine learning was then applied to identify which patterns of gene expression corresponded to the specific disease areas and pathogens -- focusing in on a panel of 161 genes for 18 conditions.

This panel was further validated in a cohort of 411 paediatric patients admitted to hospital with sepsis or severe infections (representing 13 of the 18 diseases), where gene expression was captured from blood analysis, and where diagnoses were made using current gold standard clinical methods.

 

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Why Does Your Chest Hurt When You Breathe?

Painful breathing is an alarming symptom. The pain can range from mildly unpleasant to sharp and severe, and it can occur as you breathe regularly or only when you inhale deeply. Conditions that make you experience pain with breathing vary greatly - both milder short-term health issues and life-threatening conditions that involve vital organs like the lungs and heart could be the cause. 

 

Medical tests are usually required to rule out these serious medical emergencies and diagnose the root cause of the symptom, That is why you should always see a healthcare professional when you experience painful respiration. We look into the possible causes of this symptom below.

 

Respiratory infections

For many people, the first concern they think of when someone experiences painful breathing is pneumonia. As you will find out later, that’s not necessarily the case, but respiratory infections are certainly a possible cause of painful respiration. Even though the lungs don't have pain receptors, surrounding tissues can become inflamed, tender, and painful, so lung conditions can actually cause pain while breathing. 

 

Painful breathing caused by respiratory infections is more pronounced when you take a deep breath or lie down, and it’s rarely the only symptom. Shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, fever, chills, fatigue, night sweats, or other cold and flu symptoms usually co-occur with painful respiration and help point your physician in the right direction. The following respiratory infections can cause pain with breathing: 

 

Pneumonia - an infection of the lungs caused by either a virus, bacterium, or fungus. 

 

Bronchitis - an infection of the bronchi, which are the tubes in your lungs that carry air throughout the lungs. 

 

Pleurisy - an infection of the pleura, a membrane that lines the lungs and separates it from the rest of the thoracic cavity. 

 

Tuberculosis - a serious lung infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium (uncommon in the US but common around the world). 

 

Shingles - a dangerous infection that, in rare cases, can cause viral pneumonia. The condition is caused by the same virus that’s responsible for chickenpox - the Varicella zoster virus.

COVID-19

Here’s an important side note. Pain with breathing can be a sign of severe COVID-19 - according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If you were diagnosed with Covid or experience any of the following symptoms, seek immediate medical help: 

 

Loss of taste and smell 

 

Sore throat 

 

Fever 

 

Chills 

 

Fatigue 

 

Muscle pain. 

 

Painful breathing is also sometimes reported in patients with long Covid or post COVID-19 syndrome for as long as 3 months after the initial COVID-19 diagnosis.

If you experience difficulty breathing and pain with respiration, don’t assume that an infection is to blame. Certain lung injuries and disorders can produce identical symptoms. Some of the most common respiratory conditions that fall within this group are: 

 

Pneumothorax - a medical emergency when air enters the pleural cavity and causes either partial or complete lung collapse. Severe chest pain and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms. Pneumothorax is usually a complication of chronic lung issues, severe lung infections, or injuries. 

 

Pulmonary embolism - another emergency that occurs when a blood clot travels from other parts of the body and gets stuck in the lungs. This is the most common life-threatening cause of pain with breathing, accounting for 5-21% of painful respiration cases. Pulmonary embolism can develop as a result of deep vein thrombosis, heart disease, or as a side effect of surgery. 

 

Pulmonary infarction - the death of some lung tissue caused by the restriction of blood supply. 

 

Chronic lung issues, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Lung injuries caused by chemicals or smoke. Certain cancers, such as lung cancers or mesothelioma (cancer in the pleura).

Conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system

In some cases, pain in the chest may not be linked to your vital organs at all. The chest area contains a lot of bones, cartilage, muscles, and other connective tissue that could be responsible for pain while breathing. This pain can get worse when you breathe more deeply or with certain movements. The pain may also get better when you reposition the body or move after a long period of sitting or standing. 

 

Here are a few of such conditions: 

 

Problems with the thoracic spine, such as nerve compression, thoracic osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease, etc. With a pinched nerve, the back pain can sometimes even radiate to the hand and mimic the symptoms of a heart attack. 

 

Rib fracture - sudden pain that gets worse when you breathe more deeply or cough. This is a medical emergency, as the broken rib can potentially puncture vital organs or blood vessels. 

 

Costochondritis - a relatively rare inflammatory condition affecting the cartilage that connects the ribs and the breastbone. It causes sharp pain and tenderness in the breastbone that can mimic a heart attack. The causes of costochondritis are not always identifiable, but the condition can develop as a result of chest injury, respiratory infections, and severe coughing. Costochondritis sometimes goes away on its own.

Heart-related conditions

Several types of heart disease can trigger chest pain while breathing, shortness of breath, or other types of breathing discomfort. The pain can also spread to the arm, shoulder, neck, and jaw. Statistical data reveals that more than a quarter of all patients with heart-related health issues seek medical help because of breathing discomfort. 

 

Some other symptoms that point towards a heart-related condition are an irregular heartbeat, lightheadedness, heart palpitations, excessive sweating, dizziness, burning sensations, and nausea. 

 

What conditions can produce these symptoms? There are a great many of them, but we feature some of the most serious and common ones below: 

 

Heart attack - serious medical emergency characterized by the restriction of blood flow to the heart. 

 

Heart failure - another potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the heart isn’t capable of effectively pumping blood. 

 

Pericarditis - a condition that arises when the pericardium, a fluid-filled membrane that protects the heart, becomes inflamed. Sharp chest pain that improves with sitting upright or leaning forward is a common sign of pericarditis. 

 

 Myocarditis - an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). Myocarditis can affect the heart's ability to pump blood. Infections, adverse drug reactions, or other inflammatory conditions can trigger the condition. Shortness of breath, sharp chest pain, and an irregular or fast heartbeat are the primary symptoms. 

 

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), commonly known as acid reflux, is a health condition that occurs because the muscle that prevents stomach acids from going up into the esophagus is malfunctioning. When the acids leak out into the esophagus, they damage and irritate the lining of the esophagus, which usually causes a burning sensation in the chest known as heartburn. 

 

GERD is very common - it affects 1 in 5 Americans. Although heartburn is the most common symptom of this condition, some patients also report a chronic cough and pain with breathing. However, the majority of symptoms associated with GERD still involve the digestive system - difficulty swallowing, nausea, and bad breath. 

 

Even though GERD isn’t considered a life-threatening condition, it could lead to complications and should be addressed by your doctor.

 

Panic attacks

Panic attacks are extreme and unbearable. Sudden waves of anxiety and fear, often accompanied by shallow breathing, are the hallmark of panic attacks. For those who have never experienced a panic attack, the symptoms can resemble a heart attack or a respiratory issue, but symptoms usually go away after 20-30 minutes. 

 

Panic attacks occur as a response to stress, excessive exercise, or even after drinking too much coffee. These events send your body into stress mode, and you will start breathing very quickly. The resulting hyperventilation usually causes even more troubling symptoms, including painful breathing, heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, and losing the sense of reality. 

 

Some people experience panic attacks regularly, whereas others only get them once or twice, if ever. Breathing techniques and spending time in a calm and safe space can help a person experiencing a panic attack recover more quickly.

 

When is painful respiration a sign of a medical emergency?

Painful respiration can point to a number of very serious conditions, so it shouldn’t be taken lightly. Any unexplained chest pain, even if it seems minor, is best reported to a medical professional. Your healthcare provider can help you rule out serious conditions or make sure that the condition you have isn’t progressing. 

 

Contact emergency services IMMEDIATELY if you have chest pain with any of the following symptoms: 

 

Fever 

 

Shortness of breath 

 

Gasping for air 

 

Rapid breathing 

 

Choking 

 

Dizziness 

 

Confusion or loss of consciousness 

 

Sweating profusely 

 

Pale skin or blue lips, toes, or fingers 

 

Coughing up blood.

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   

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Alcohol ups risk of oral cavity cancers by 200%

A recent paper from the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, published in a reputed Indian medical journal, has concluded that alcohol consumption dramatically increases the risk of cancer.

The report points at alcohol consumption being one of the leading risk factors for multiple health issues, especially non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases (HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis). Alcohol consumption is estimated to be the third-most important modifiable risk factor for death and disability worldwide. With 1.4 lakh deaths annually, alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis makes up the biggest burden posed by alcohol use. Almost one lakh deaths that occur on Indian roads each year are indirectly related to alcohol abuse.

According to Dr Pankaj Chaturvedi, Deputy Director at Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, until now, there was conflicting evidence of alcohol being a direct causative agent for cancers in Indian medical literature. For conclusive answers, they performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 eligible studies, involving 2,86,986 subjects. “The findings suggest that alcohol users are 2.15 times more at risk of cancer compared to non-users. This can be attributed to its solvent property, which assists the carcinogen in permeating the cells lining the upper aero-digestive tract. The pooled analysis of all prospective studies demonstrated a 152 per cent higher risk of cancer among alcohol users, while the retrospective studies found an increased risk of 232 per cent,” he said.

Dr Hitesh Singhavi, Research Fellow and the first author of the paper, said once the alcohol is metabolised in the body, the byproduct acetaldehyde is responsible for the carcinogenic effect, which also reduces immunity, leading to the initiatiation of carcinogenesis at various sites. Malabsorption, especially of folate, in the presence of alcohol leads to initiating colon cancer. It may also manipulate hormonal levels in women to influence breast cancer.

“The pattern of alcohol consumption is diverse in India, making it a unique subset to analyse. It has also been found that Indians drink a higher concentration of alcohol by weight, especially on an empty stomach, thus making them more vulnerable to alcohol-related toxicities,” he said.

Dr Rajesh Dixit, Director at Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, said they have analysed the relationship, specifically between alcohol users and oral cavity cancer, which is the one of the most common life-threatening malignancies in India. “We found that alcohol raises the risk of oral cancer by 200%. This result concluded that alcohol independently increases the risk of oral cavity cancers,” said Dr Dixit.

To conclude, there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption and its consumption increases the overall risk of cancer among Indians, particularly doubling the incidence of oral cavity cancer.

 

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What is Drug-Resistant TB? Symptoms and Prevention

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that spreads via air from person to person. TB most commonly affects the lungs, but it could also affect other regions of the body such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. Most cases of tuberculosis are treatable and curable; nonetheless, people with tuberculosis can die if they do not receive effective treatment.

It is well-known that it can take up to 6-9 months to complete the medicinal course. However, due to the length of its treatment, many leave it mid-way, which can later lead to drug-resistant TB.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis arises when germs grow resistant to the medications used to treat tuberculosis. This signifies that the medicine no longer has the ability to kill tuberculosis germs.

Because this variety of tuberculosis is resistant to the most strong TB medications, patients are left with far less effective treatment alternatives.

How is Drug-resistant TB spread?

Drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis spread the same way. When a person with tuberculosis of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, TB bacteria are released into the air. Depending on the circumstances, these bacteria can remain in the atmosphere for several hours. People who breathe in air contaminated with tuberculosis germs can get ill.

It is not possible to transfer tuberculosis through shaking someone’s hand, eating food or drink, touching bed sheets or toilet seats, sharing toothbrushes, or hugging.

What are the symptoms of TB?

Feelings of illness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats are all common signs of tuberculosis. Coughing, chest discomfort, and coughing up blood are all indications of TB illness of the lungs.

The symptoms of tuberculosis in various sections of the body vary depending on the place affected. If you have any of these symptoms, you should consult your doctor or your local health department.

Prevention

The most essential strategy to avoid the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis is to take all TB medications exactly as advised by your doctor. There should be no missed doses, and therapy should not be discontinued prematurely.

Another strategy to avoid drug-resistant tuberculosis is to avoid being exposed to known drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in confined or congested areas such as hospitals, jails, or homeless shelters. People who work in hospitals or healthcare settings where tuberculosis patients are likely to be seen should seek advice from infection control or occupational health specialists.

 

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   

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https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
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