Oral capsule designed to deliver insulin that usually has to be injected

Scientists in the United States have designed an oral drug capsule that can carry insulin and protect it from the harsh environment in the digestive tracts.

The study published  has shown that the capsule containing proteins that cannot be taken orally reaches the small intestine before breaking down to release dissolvable tiny needles.

Those needles then attach to the intestinal wall and release drug for fast uptake into the bloodstream, according to the study.

In tests in pigs, researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) showed that this capsule could load a comparable amount of insulin to that of an injection.

Earlier this year, they developed a blueberry-sized capsule containing a small needle made of compressed insulin. Upon reaching the stomach, the needle injects the drug into the stomach lining. In the new study, the researchers developed a capsule that could inject its contents into the wall of the small intestine.

They coated the 30-millimeter-long capsule with a polymer that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach. The capsule breaks open in the small intestine as the pH is higher, and then springs three folded arms containing patches of one-millimeter-long needles that can carry insulin, according to the study.

When the arms unfold open, the force of their release allows the needles to just penetrate the topmost layer of the small intestine tissue. After insertion, the needles dissolve and release the drug.

Also, the arms would break apart after the needle patches are applied to reduce the risk of blockage in the intestine.

"We can deliver insulin, but we see applications for many other therapeutics and possibly vaccines," said the researcher.

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How Our Diet Can Impact Memory

Although you might be familiar with the statement, "you are what you eat", the food you consume could also impact your memory, suggests a new study.
A team of researchers discovered that cholecystokinin (CCK), a satiety hormone which is highly expressed in memory formation, could, at higher levels, decrease a person's likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease by 65 per cent, said a study published recently.

CCK is found in both the small intestines and the brain. In the small intestines, CCK allows for the absorption of fats and proteins. In the brain, CCK is located in the hippocampus, which is the memory-forming region of the brain, said a Prof.
 
"The regulation of when and how much we eat can have some association with how good our memory is. what we eat and what our body does with it affects our brain.

"It will hopefully help to shed further light on how satiety hormones in the blood and brain affect brain function," the Prof. said.

The researchers hope this study will encourage others to look into the nutritional aspect of diets, versus just looking at caloric intake.

The lead author and graduate student at the varsity, is currently looking at how diet impacts an individual's CCK levels through researching fasting glucose and ketone bodies.

"By looking at the nutritional aspect, we can tell if a certain diet could prevent Alzheimer's disease or prevent progression of the disease," he said.

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What Is The Real Cause Of Pain

When something starts to ache in our body, we can only guess what has happened. However, depending on where the ache or pain is, it may be associated with an organ. This information is meant to serve as an introduction, not as a strict guide. 

 

1. The Heart

Normally, when something is wrong with the heart a person would feel a compressing pain in the chest that can spread to the left arm, shoulder blade and part of the neck. 

2. The Kidneys

What may seem like a simple backache could actually indicate a problem with the kidneys. Kidney pain tends to be deep under the ribs, while muscle pain is usually lower. The pain may also travel to the legs.

3. The Small Intestine

A pain in the navel region may indicate problems with the small intestine. If the pain persists and causes discomfort when bending or walking, be sure to visit your doctor. 

4. The Large Intestine

Pain in the lower abdomen, closer to the right side could indicate a pain in your large intestine. Regular constipation is also an indication.

5. The Lungs

While the lungs themselves don't feel pain due to a lack of nerve endings, if something is wrong with them, you may feel a dull ache in your chest. A cough and difficulty breathing also indicate lung problems. 

6. The Appendix

Located in the lower right region of the abdomen, appendix pain may affect the whole stomach area or its separate parts. The pain may also travel into the right thigh. Other signs also include nausea, vomiting, fever, constipation or diarrhea. 

7. The Stomach

Gastric problems usually cause pain in the middle of the abdomen, above the ribs. It can also appear on the same level in the back. 

8. The Gallbladder and the Liver

Gallbladder and liver problems may cause pain in the upper right region of the abdomen, which can also travel to the same place in the back. Other symptoms for issues associated with the liver include a sour taste in the mouth and jaundice. 

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                
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Hydrocelectomy: All you need to know

Hydrocelectomy is a kind of surgery used to remove fluid-filled sacs called hydroceles. These form in the scrotum, the muscular pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles.

 

A hydrocele forms when fluid from the abdomen flows into the scrotum. A hydrocele causes swelling but is usually not painful. Some people describe it as feeling a little like a water balloon.

Roughly 1 out of every 10 boys is born with a hydrocele, according to the doctors. 

Studies indicate that the condition resolves itself by the time the majority of these boys are 2 years old.

Fast facts on hydroceles Here are some key points about hydroceles. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.
Hydroceles can also develop in adult males, often following an injury that causes swelling.
A physical exam is the first step in diagnosing a hydrocele.
Hydrocelectomy is usually considered minor surgery and performed on an outpatient basis.
Without a hydrocelectomy or other forms of treatment, hydroceles may continue to swell, though most resolve on their own.
In children, a hydrocele is treated mainly to prevent a hernia from developing.

What are hydroceles?

Hydroceles are sacs of fluid that form around the testes. Hydrocelectomy is a surgical procedure to treat them.

Hydroceles can be either communicating or non-communicating.

Communicating hydroceles
In a communicating hydrocele, there is a direct path between the abdomen and the scrotum. Also, an inguinal hernia, where part of the small intestine drops into the scrotum, may be present.

A communicating hydrocele may change its size during a day, growing larger as fluid drains into the scrotum from the abdomen.

Non-communicating hydroceles
In a non-communicating hydrocele, the fluid stays inside the sac but is not absorbed by the body.
Hydrocele of the cord is a particular kind of non-communicating hydrocele, where the condition develops further up in the scrotum. This type of hydrocele may sometimes be confused with an inguinal hernia,cyst, tumour or other problem with the groin area.

Hydroceles in children
For infants with congenital hydroceles, the condition develops between the 28th and 32 weeks of pregnancy, when a muscle in the scrotum opens to let the testes drop.

In some cases, the muscle stays open longer than is needed, doesn't close properly, or opens again, allowing fluid from the belly to flow into the scrotum and form a hydrocele.

Premature birth, cystic fibrosis, and other conditions may increase the likelihood of problems with closure of this muscle.

Hydroceles in adults
In adults, hydroceles affect about 1%  of men over 40 years. Radiation treatment for prostate cancer may increase the risk of developing a hydrocele.

When non-communicating hydroceles develop in adult men, the cause is usually unknown. A hydrocele itself does not cause pain, but men may experience discomfort due to the size and weight of the swollen scrotum.

Even in adults, the condition may disappear on its own in a few months, but if it does not, medical attention is needed and a person should consider having a hydrocelectomy.

Hydrocele diagnosis

Upon examination, a doctor will attempt to feel the condition of the testicle. Ordinarily, this is not possible, due to the surrounding sac of the hydrocele.

Before performing a hydrocelectomy, a doctor may carry out a procedure called transillumination, which involves:
Shining a light through the scrotum, looking for fluid, which would indicate the presence of a hydrocele.
Conducting an ultrasound examination to determine whether the observed swelling is a hydrocele.
Treating the hydrocele with aspiration, using a needle to drain fluid out of the scrotum.

After a positive diagnosis, a doctor may recommend a hydrocelectomy.

What is the procedure for hydrocelectomy?

There are different steps involved in a hydrocelectomy. The procedure used will depend on the type of hydroceles being treated.

The procedure takes place under a general anesthetic. If an infant has a hydrocele that does not go away on its own, surgeons will wait until the child is at least 1 to 2 years old before operating.
The steps involved with a hydrocelectomy depend on whether the hydrocele is communicating or non-communicating: 

Non-communicating hydrocele: Surgeons make an incision in the scrotum, remove the sac, drain the fluid, and close the incision. 

Communicating hydrocele: Treatment is slightly more complicated; doctors make an incision through the groin so that they can treat a hernia, if present, at the same time as removing the hydroceles. Even if there is no hernia, doctors take this approach to prevent a hernia from developing in the future.

Laparoscopic hydrocelectomy

Some surgeons will conduct a hydrocelectomy through laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery, inserting a tube equipped with a camera through the abdomen.

In some cases, individuals and their doctors opt for draining the hydroceles, which can be effective. However, this procedure carries a greater risk of the hydroceles returning.

Procedure

A hydrocelectomy requires a general anesthetic, and most people go home a few hours after having the operation. So, it is important to talk to the surgeon about what to expect for themselves or a child during recovery. It is a good idea to find out what, if anything, merits a call to the doctor.

For the first week or so after the procedure, most individuals will experience pain that requires medication. In addition to pain relievers, using an ice pack on the affected area can also help.

Some individuals may need to use special bandages or a drainage tube during their recovery process.
For a few weeks after surgery, swelling may continue. Activity should be limited, depending on the individual's age and the extent of the procedures performed.

Give children sponge baths, rather than a soak in the tub, for around 10 days after a hydrocelectomy.
For about 3 weeks after the procedure, children should not play with rocking horses, ride bicycles and other straddle toys, or take part in sports.

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Crohn's Disease

This type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes swelling or irritation in the lining of your digestive tract. That's a series of hollow organs that form a tube from your mouth to your anus. Crohn's mostly affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. But it also can show up in any part of the dig

Symptoms

Because this disease is chronic, meaning it affects you for a long time, symptoms can come and go. They might strike without warning. You’ll notice:

• Frequent bouts of diarrhea that over-the-counter drugs don’t help
• Blood in your poop or in the toilet
• Feeling like you need to go but can’t
• Intense cramps or stomach pain with nausea and vomiting
• Ongoing fever or weight loss you can’t explain

 Other Body Parts Affected

Yes. Symptoms might appear outside your intestines, such as:

• Painful mouth ulcers like canker sores
• Swelling in your eyes or under your skin
• Arthritis-like stiffness in your joints or spine
• Fissures -- small tears -- in the anus

Who  Can Gets Crohn's

Crohn’s tends to run in families. It’s most common in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. The number of reported cases involving African-Americans has gone up in recent years.Some people are diagnosed early, between the ages of 15-35. But the disease can hit someone of any age or ethnic background, and it affects both men and women.

 Causes

Other than family history, scientists aren’t sure exactly why people get Crohn’s. Things that can boost your chances include:

• Faulty immune system
• Living in an urban or industrial area
• Smoking
• Medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Some doctors think that while a super clean, germ-free childhood keeps illness away when you're young, it could make you likely to get immune system disorders like Crohn’s later on.

Diagnosis

There’s no one test for Crohn’s. Your doctor likely will rule out other causes for your symptoms first. The Dr. might ask for colonoscopy. This uses a thin, lighted tube to look inside your colon. A CT scan or an MRI, will let the doctor view your whole digestive tract. Or he might try a capsule endoscopy. You'll swallow a capsule with a tiny camera in it for this test.

Treatment

Your doctor probably will want you to try a mix of medicines and lifestyle changes. He’ll work to control the swelling. This helps your intestines heal and eases your symptoms. The right drugs also can cut down on flare-ups. Many people with Crohn’s will need surgery at some point. It won’t cure the disease, but it can get rid of the diseased parts of your digestive tract while saving the healthy parts.

Is There A Cancer Link?

Crohn’s in the large intestine has been linked to colon cancer. Have treatment to keep your symptoms under control to lower your risk. Regular screening tests help, too. Your doctor can tell you how often you need to get tested. That in itself won’t lower your risk, but it can help catch the disease early and improve your chances for a recovery.
 

Alternative TreamentsSome people try complementary and alternative treatments to help ease Crohn’s symptoms. The main types include:
    Mind-body practices like meditation, yoga, tai chi, and hypnosis
    Chiropractic treatment
    Massage or reflexology
    Energy medicine such as Reiki -- a healing technique using touch -- or qi gong
    Supplements, vitamins, and probiotics

If you think you might want to try any of these, ask your doctor first if it’s safe -- and if it works. Make sure the treatment is right for you and won’t get in the way of your medical care.

Will Diet Change Help?
You can eat certain foods -- and avoid others -- to lessen your symptoms. Your doctor might put you on a fixed meal plan that restricts some foods. Or he might ask you to switch up your habits, like:
    Skip carbonated drinks.
    Limit some high-fiber foods.
    Drink more liquids.
    Eat frequent, small meals.
    Keep track of what you eat so you can target problem foods.

Coping with Crohn's
You can have the disease and still enjoy a normal life. Keep your body healthy, stick to your doctor’s advice, and reach out to others. All these things can help you manage the disease and thrive in spite of it. To make your days easier, you can:
    Ask for or hire extra help around the house.
    Connect with other people who have Crohn’s or other IBDs.- join support groups.
    Watch what you eat and drink to help keep your symptoms at bay.

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                                                                                                                     PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/  
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Deadly brain disease spreads from gut !

Offering hope for early detection of prion disease, a difficult to detect deadly brain condition in humans and farm animals, researchers have found how the proteins that cause the disorder spread from our gut.

Until now, it was not known the proteins – called prions – spread from the gut to the brain after consuming contaminated meat.

“We need a greater understanding of what factors enhance our susceptibility to prion diseases so that we can put in place safeguards to prevent these conditions from spreading in people and farmed animals,” said lead researcher.

It is important to spot the detection early as many people could be carrying infectious prions without showing any symptoms of disease.

For the study, the researchers studied the course of prion infection in mice.
They found that prions must first build up in specialised structures in the lining of the small intestine before they are able to spread throughout the body to the brain.

The structures – called Peyer’s patches – are part of the body’s immune system and form the first line of defence against contaminated food.

Prions hijack Peyer’s patches to cause infection, the findings showed.

Prions did not build up in similar patches in the large intestine until a later stage of infection, the team found. At this stage, prions were also detected in the spleen and lymph nodes.

When prions get into the brain, they destroy nerve cells. This can lead to major neurological symptoms including memory impairment, personality changes, and difficulties with movement.

However, in people, the disease remains very rare – 229 people have died from it since it was first identified almost 20 years ago, the study noted.

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.






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