Face Mask that Lights Up When it Senses Coronavirus: A Possible Alternative for Antibody Tests and Temperature Checks

Bioengineers from MIT and Harvard have been working on developing sensors that can detect viruses such as Ebola and Zika for the last six years. Their hard work has since then progressed and are now adopting their technology to aid in the fight against coronavirus.

James Collins, a professor of Biological Engineering at MIT, is considered a pioneer of synthetic biology. He has been working on innovations that would be helpful for pandemics years before the coronavirus surfaced.

In 2014, his bioengineering team at MIT began developing sensors that could recognize the presence of the Ebola virus when freeze-dried into a piece of paper. Their study was then published in the journal Cell back in 2016.

The team is now updating its technology to cater to the current pandemic the world is facing, which is the coronavirus. They are currently developing a face mask that gives off a fluorescent signal when the wearer is detected to have the virus through breathing, coughing, or sneezing through the mask.
Promising Results

Collins says their lab's current project is still in its infancy, but already shows promising results as it can detect coronavirus through a person's saliva. The sensor would give off a signaling glow once the virus is detected in a person's saliva.

According to Collins, the sensors are made up of DNA and RNA that bind to a virus. The sensor is then freeze-dried into a cloth-like material using a freeze-drier, which sucks the moisture out of the material without damaging it. The sensor can stay embedded in the mask at room temperature for many months, giving it a considerably longer shelf life.

To be activated, the sensors need moisture and the detection of a virus' genetic sequence. A laboratory in Shanghai successfully sequenced the coronavirus genome back in January.

Collins said the sensors only needed to analyze a small fragment of the sequence to detect the virus. Once it does, it gives off a lighting signal within one to three hours.

Additionally, he said the signal isn't visible to the naked eye, which is why his lab uses a fluorimeter to measure the light. In public settings, he noted that public officials could use handheld fluorometers to scan people's masks.

Alternative For Antibody Tests and Temperature Checks
If the team's technology proves to be successful, it could address imperfections correlated with other screening methods like temperature checks or antibody tests.

Collins says that he envisions that it could be used in airports, commuting to and from work to home, and in hospitals as a pre-screen for patients. He said that doctors could even use the masks to diagnose patients without having to send samples to the laboratory.

The sensors might offer a quicker, cheaper, and more sensitive type of detection for the coronavirus than the traditional diagnostic tests, according to Collins. Because the sensors developed by the researchers are highly specific, they are capable of detecting different strains of a virus.

This is especially helpful in the case of the coronavirus since scientists have traced coronavirus strains back to two main origins. One of the strains has said to come from Asia, while another strain has become more prevalent in Australia, Europe, and North America.

The masks might even prove to detect coronavirus better than temperature checks, as some COVID-19 patients appear to either be asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic or experiencing other symptoms without having a fever. Collins thinks their technology could provide better results as it detects the virus itself and not the presenting signs.

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15 Ways in Which 3D Printers Can and Are Used in Medicine

3D printing is bringing us closer to the future than we could ever imagine. Perhaps, not the flying cars and hoverboards kind, but the life-saving kind. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a marvelous method of printing solid three-dimensional objects, layer by layer, using a digital blueprint. This technology has been in the process of development since the 1980s, and while it has been used in the past to create sculptures, entire houses, and even food, its potential uses in medicine are exponential. Here’s a quick peek into the present uses of 3D printing in medicine and what the future holds!

1. Medical Models
American and Chinese researchers have been using to-scale and accurate 3D printed models of malignant and cancerous tumors to better understand how these tumors develop and spread, and to determine how to create anti-cancer drugs to combat the effects of these tumors.

These models can also be used to plan and prepare for risky surgeries, as was the case in India, where a 3D printed model helped doctors at Jawaharlal Institute of Medical Research in Visakhapatnam plan a surgery on a 4-year-old girl with an overgrown skull.

2. Medical Equipment
In certain less fortunate countries, obtaining good quality medical equipment can be difficult. A 3D printer can make it more viable for poverty-stricken countries to print their own medical equipment. Such was the case with iLabs/Haiti, a result of a partnership between Haiti Communitere, The Blue Marble Movement and KIDmob, which assisted in the purchase of the first two 3D printers in the country. They have since been able to print their own umbilical cord clamps, as well as finger splints and casts.

3. Tailor-Made Sensors
Using scans of animal hearts, scientists and researchers in St. Louis, Missouri’s Washington University, printed 3D models of the heart, around which stretchable silicon electronics were wrapped. These minute electronic sensors, embedded in the silicon could then be peeled off and attached to actual live human hearts, which can detect oxygenation levels, temperature, and heart strain.

The next step in this process would be to create multiple sensors that also have the capability of measuring acidic conditions and detecting blocked arteries. 

4. Facial Reconstruction and Custom Implants
In 2014, a motorcyclist in Wales received numerous injuries in an accident that resulted in the fracture of his skull, nose, jaw and cheekbones. Thanks to developments in the use of 3D printing in medicine, the surgical team at Morriston Hospital created custom surgical guides and implants to perform the surgery and fix the implants to hold the fractured bones in place.

With the use of this cutting edge technology, which was unlike any that had been used by this medical team in the past, not only were the patient's injuries able to be repaired, but his face was able to be reconstructed to hide all such injuries. 

5. Patient Matched Devices
Much like the sensors and medical instruments that can be constructed by 3D printers, which can be made over and over again following an identical blueprint, some devices may be printed in a manner that is specific to the individual patient, that is, patient-matched.

These devices don’t fall under the specified FDA regulations for 3D printed medical devices, nor are they subject to FDA review. To learn more about the creation of such custom-designed devices, you can refer to the FDA-issued Custom Device Exemptions guidance. 

 6. Low-Cost High-Quality Prosthetics
Because of the rigorous and time-consuming nature of creating traditional prosthetics, they can cost a significant sum. This essentially restricts the persons who can purchase them to only those having significant economic means. 3D printing may be the solution to this problem. Another issue with traditional prosthetics is that the delicateness of the prosthetic parts themselves does not lend itself to any modifications.

Researchers at the University of Toronto who created cheap and customizable prosthetics in a short period of time in collaboration with Autodesk Research and CBM Canada. Organizations like Not Impossible Labs, Robohand and E-Nable have been known to hand over 3D printers to countries with high populations of amputees from war, such as Sudan, and train them in the printing of inexpensive patient-specific prosthetic limbs and fitting of the same. 

7. Building Tissues Using Blood Vessels
Before printing tissues and organs, it is vital to have a working vascular system, i.e., a system of blood vessels within an organ allowing it to pump blood and perform its bodily functions. Researchers at various significant institutes, such as the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University have been working on different methods of bioprinting functioning blood vessels using soluble materials, such as ink and sugar.

These materials are used to create the structure of blood vessels and are then interwoven with skin cells and other living material to create a functioning blood supply, so these vascular systems can, in turn, support 3D printed organ and tissue functions. 

8. Bone
Professor Susmita Bose of Washington State University’s School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, as well as fellow researchers, have discovered a way to utilize a 3D printer to make a thick bone-like structure, almost identical in appearance and material to bone.

This structure is of use in dental work, orthopedic procedures and can also act as scaffolding in fractured parts of the body on which new bones may grow. This particular material also dissolves as the new bone grows in its place, and leaves no ill-effects on the body after. In time, it is believed that this technology will be developed such that custom replacement bone tissue may be created in this manner.

9. Ear Cartilage and Hearing Aids
Researchers at Cornell University have discovered a new and unique use for 3D photos and models. Associate professor of biomedical engineering, Lawrence Bonassar has been using these 3D prints of human ears to create perfect ear molds, which are then filled with a gel suspended in collagen.
This gel contains bovine cartilage cells and the collagen holds the shape of the ear in place as the bovine cells grow to fill it. Princeton University has taken this methodology a step further and directly created their own 3D printed collagen ear, which comes equipped with built-in electronic sensors that can increase hearing. This is believed to also have many implications for the creation of 3D printed hearing aids.  

10. Drugs
A chemist employed at the University of Glasgow, Lee Cronin, is seen here giving a revolutionary TED Talk on a previously unknown method of using 3D printers. Noting that most drugs are created by chemists who break down certain molecules and combine them with others to create the necessary drug, using its molecular structure and a specifically designed 3D printer, we could potentially print or get printed medical drugs.

It would require a system that utilized both hardware and software to comprehend the biological and chemical necessities of each patient so that each drug could be designed accordingly, and the blueprint of each drug could then be sold to be printed by the patient themselves. Mr. Cronin’s vision is not too far from reality, as Louisiana Technical University has already begun 3D printing devices that are used for delivering medicine for bone cancer patients.   

11. Heart Valve
A 3D printer was first used by a professor at Cornell University named Jonathan Butcher to print a functioning heart valve, which has since been in the stages of testing on animals. Doctors at Tel Aviv University have gone one step further and printed a heart made from human tissue.

The heart itself is extremely minute, but unlike previous 3D printed hearts, which were non-functioning shells, it maintains a system of valves and blood vessels, making it a potentially functioning heart. At this point, it is still in the phase of animal testing, but the development of this method of 3D printing hearts shows many possibilities for progress in the future. 

12. Synthetic Skin
3D printed synthetic skin was first created and brought to light by one professor James Yoo at the Wake Forest School of Medicine in the United States. After scanning the wound, the 3-D printer developed by Dr.Yoo and his team was able to directly print new synthetic skin onto the wounded areas of burn victims. This technology has also been studied in detail for its military application in treating wounded soldiers. Researchers at Carlos III University of Madrid in Spain took this process to the next step and have discovered a way of bioprinting proper human skin, using the biological components of each individual.  

13. Intervertebral Discs
The intervertebral disc is a part of our physiology located in our backs that is often the cause of frequent backaches while sitting or doing ordinary movements, and this pain is usually caused by the degeneration of this intervertebral disc. Dr. Lawrence Bonassar, of Cornell University, and the same brain behind the creation of ear cartilage using 3D printers, has also determined that punctured or broken intervertebral discs can be brought back to their original strength using 3D printers that could accurately print and inject a bio-ink made from stem cells into the patient’s broken disc, along with a healthy dose of collagen to hold the cells in place until their formation is complete.

In Australia, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology also created a titanium spinal implant to save a patient with a misshapen vertebra using a 3D printer, which resulted in the straightening of the patient’s spine.  

14. Organs
Much like the heart printed by researchers at Tel Aviv University, Organovo, one of the major organizations doing research into the use of 3D printers for creating human tissue, has been working on developing long-lasting 3D printed liver cells. These liver cells mimic human liver cells exactly and are being used for testing drugs.

Many synthetic organs greatly resembling the real thing have also been printed, which react much like real organs do, but cannot yet be integrated with human anatomy. They are still used in surgical training. While a major hurdle in bioprinting entire functioning organs is the presence of a fully-functioning vascular system, major institutions like Stanford University, University of Sydney, Harvard University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have noted making significant discoveries in the creation of such capillary systems.

Along with the improvements in 3D Printing technology spearheaded by Organovo and similar organizations like Printer-Inks, which is based in the UK, there are chances that within the decade, 3D printed organs will be a real possibility, making organ transplants a much more viable treatment. 

15. Cranium Replacement         
All across the world, from the Netherlands to Slovakia and China, 3D printers are being used to save the lives of people who have suffered from skull fractures or various forms of brain damage. At the University Medical Center in Utrecht, a 22-year-old patient had the entire top portion of her cranium replaced with a 3D printed plastic replica.

A titanium replacement was similarly made for a man that suffered from skull fractures in China, as well as one in Slovakia. In the United States, an unidentified man had 75% of his skull, which had been fractured for unknown reasons, replaced with a 3D printed replica produced by Oxford Performance Materials (OPM). It is believed that this same technology can be used in bone replacements and will drastically cut down the cost of major orthopedic surgeries. 

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Kerala Scientists Have Designed a Low-Cost Bra That Detects Breast Cancer!

Of all forms of cancer, breast cancer has the highest rate of incidence in India. Data says that one in every 22 women develop it.
Sadly, the latest cancer statistics in India states that out of every two women who develop breast cancer, one dies.

Unlike what has been observed across the world, the strata of female population being diagnosed with breast cancer is alarmingly getting younger across both urban and rural settings in India. Breast cancer is increasingly being detected in the 30-40 age group and sometimes, even younger.

Despite the high prevalence of the disease, there are huge, underlying deficits in the procedural as well as infrastructural facilities for breast cancer and that includes not just detection, diagnosis, counselling or treatment but most importantly, awareness across India.

The most common initial course of action for diagnosing and screening of breast cancer is the mammogram test of which radiation is a major concern. In fact, doctors and cancer specialists in India have repeatedly advised mammogram only after the age of 50.

Additionally, the test is not really an economically viable option for everyone, with its costs ranging anywhere between Rs 1,500 to Rs 8,000.

Addressing all these shortcomings, a group of scientists from Kerala have invented a path-breaking device. Years of research and development culminated in a product that can play a crucial role in detecting breast cancer that too more cheaply.

A team from Thrissur branch of Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET) invented a wearable device that is embedded with sensors and incorporates thermal imaging to detect cancerous cells in breasts.

Speaking to the media, a  Dr. sheds light upon the catalytic moment that led the team to developing the innovative “bra” that can detect breast cancer.

“The idea took root when the director of a Cancer Centre visited us sometime in 2014. They’ve been our medical partners in this project. They broached the idea of working out ways of breast cancer detection on a community scale. Mammogram was the golden standard but the provision wasn’t available in even Primary Health Centres across the country. What they had in mind was a portable device that could be implemented at a community level. This propelled us to conceptualise a wearable device for detection through thermal imaging,” she explains.

The next four years went into developing the “bra” and then getting it approved through successful clinical trials conducted at the Cancer Centre.

So, how does this thermal-sensor embedded device work?

“The sensors map the skin temperature of the breasts and detects the presence of any form of abnormalities. Which can then form the basis for patients to take further course of action,” Dr. adds.

She goes on to explain how this device stands out from the regular mammogram, “There is no exposure to radiation with this device as it physically maps the breast skin temperature. In addition to that, the device is portable which makes it perfect for any health care or ASHA worker to carry with them during field visits. It can be easily contained in a small briefcase.”

Another feature is that a person does not experience any pain that is inevitable with the mammogram screening.

“Most importantly, this device ensures the privacy of the wearer because one can wear clothes over it during the test. This is really significant as most women deter from taking the mammogram or any form of clinical screening because of their cultural conditioning and privacy issues,” she elaborates.

Furthermore, the contraption doesn’t have any age restrictions like the mammogram, “Even girls as young as 15 or 20 years of age can use the wearable device which caters to all body types. This is not possible in the case with the mammogram, as only women above 40 can undertake the screening. We have resolved that issue as well,” she adds.

Shedding light on the cost factor, Dr. explains that a digital mammogram machine easily costs about Rs 3.5 crores, while their device with its data acquisition system, amounts up to Rs 25,000 and that is only for one hospital.

A total of 117 patients and 200 volunteers were part of the C-MET team’s clinical trials. Currently, they are working in collaboration with a company to make the technology commercial.

“At present, they are in the training process and as soon as their production begins, another set of clinical trials will be undertaken from their end. As these trials often take some time, we are estimating that the device will be in the market in a year or so,” she informs.

The Dr. specially mentions that this was not an individual project and attributes her team for their years of collective hard work and invaluable contribution that make the innovation a success.

“Receiving awards and recognition is really motivating but what really would validate our years of efforts would be when this device will reach the market and benefit every single woman. That was the sole reason why we immediately put out the device for commercialisation as soon as it fulfilled the clinical trials. We are earnestly waiting for that day,” she concludes.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   
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Indian scientists develop world’s 1st robotic hand for paralytics

Scientists at the IIT-Kanpur have ventured into the world’s first robotic hand for the rehabilitation of stroke patients and have finished their tests on it.

The device is a two-finger robotic hand (exoskeleton) that uses a four-bar mechanism and has four degrees of freedom (DOF).

Professors who have achieved this feat, explain that “The exoskeleton can be used by a patient on the hand. It uses brain signals, with the help of the brain computer interface (BCI) that is worn on the head, and helps paralysed patients to open and close the movement of their thumb, forefinger and middle fingers for physical practice.”

The exoskeleton is operated by an MEGA microcontroller of 300 Mhz and powered by a battery. The teachers say that the device will cost around Rs 15,000.

For the exoskeleton, the duo has partnered with the University of Ulster, based in the United Kingdom, and their teacher who belongs to Gorakhpur.

The device has sensors that control the pressure of the fingertip applied by the patient. If the patient can close or move the finger, the device follows the movement passively. If it does not, then the device actively forces the finger to close, while taking BCI instructions using signals.

Regarding the design of the device, the movement of degrees of freedom of the exoskeleton is based on the movement of the human finger while manipulating a coin in the hands. The joints in the device consist of four bars to give a human movement.

The design and development of an exoskeleton robot for the support and rehabilitation of human hands is a Rs 55 lakh MHRD (Ministry of Human Resource Department) and the British Council (the UK) project which was approved in 2018.

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This smart 'Phyjama' that monitors heartbeat, breathing to help you sleep better

Researchers have developed pyjamas embedded with self-powered sensors that provide unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of heartbeat, breathing and sleep posture- all factors that play a role in how well a person sleeps.

The garment called " Phyjama" could give ordinary people as well as clinicians useful information to help improve sleep patterns.

" Our smart pyjamas overcame numerous technical challenges. We had to inconspicuously integrate sensing elements and portable power sources into everyday garments while maintaining the weight, feel, comfort, function and ruggedness of familiar clothes and fabrics, " said the lead author.

The key to the smart pyjamas is a process called reactive vapour deposition, according to the findings presented at  a meeting recently.

" This methos allows us to synthesize a polymer and simultaneously deposit it directly on the fabric in the vapour phase to form various electronic components and ultimately integrated sensors," said the lead author.

"Unlike most electronic wearables, the vapour-deposited electronic polymer films are wash-and-wear stable and they withstand mechanically demanding textile manufacturing routine, " he added.

The " Phyjama" has five discrete textile patches with sensors in them. The patches are interconnected using silver-plated nylon threads shielded in cotton.

The wires from each patch end up at a button-sized printed circuit board placed at the same location as a pyjama button. Data are wirelessly sent to a receiver using a small Bluetooth transmitter that is part of the circuitry in the button.

The garment includes two types of self-powered sensors that detect " ballistic movements" or pressure changes. Four of the patches are piezoelectric. They detect constant pressures like that of a bed against a person's body.

The triboelectric patch detects quick changes in pressure, such as the physical pumping of the heart which provides information on heart rate, the researcher said.

For the study, the team tested the garment on volunteers and validated the readings from the sensors independently.

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Researchers have developed pyjamas embedded with self-powered sensors that provide unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of heartbeat, breathing and sleep posture - all factors that play a role in how well a person slumbers.

The garment called "Phyjama" could give ordinary people as well as clinicians useful information to help improve sleep patterns.

"Our smart pyjamas overcame numerous technical challenges. We had to inconspicuously integrate sensing elements and portable pow ..

Read more at:
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Teen Invents Bra That Can Detect Breast Cancer Early

Julian Rios Cantu, a nineteen-year-old boy from Mexico, has invented a bra that is predicted to act as an early warning system for breast cancer symptoms. The young man was inspired by the unfortunate experiences his own mother had to go through as a breast cancer survivor. She was originally diagnosed when he was thirteen years old. However, her symptoms were not detected early enough. Though a doctor had found lumps in her breasts, he claimed they were malignant, though they were, in actuality, not. A second examination revealed they were indeed cancerous. Therefore, she lost both her breasts to cancer through a traumatic series of events that has left her emotionally, mentally, and physically scarred. Now, he is out to ensure other women don't have to go through the same pain.

He said, "My mom could have had a better outcome if she had been diagnosed earlier, but because of the high density of her breasts, the X-ray missed the tumors. At that moment I realized that if that was the case for a woman with private insurance and a prevention mindset, then for most women in developing countries, like Mexico where we’re from, the outcome could’ve not been a mastectomy but death." In countries with limited access to medical professionals, this could become very dangerous.

At first, he spent a few months researching the illness to the best of his abilities, making sure he was up to date on all the current diagnostic practices. Thereafter, he invented the idea of a bra that would be able to detect signs of breast cancer early on. The next few steps were much easier — he simply filed a patent, got a few friends together in order to help him run the business, and finally set out to develop his final product. The bra is expected to go on sale at any time now, but pre-orders have already begun on their official website.

The company Cantu and his three friends established is known as Higia Technologies. The high-tech bra has been named EVA, and is described as "the first intelligent, portable, and non-invasive wearable designed to detect abnormalities in the thermal patterns of the breast, an indicator for the possible presence of breast cancer." The EVA bra is equipped with sensors used to collect thermal data from the surface of the breasts. The data is then utilized to map the thermal patterns of a patient's breasts. 

These thermal patterns can indicate whether a tumor is present or not as tumors emit a greater heat than "normal" because they have an elevated rate of cellular reproduction. Higia explains, "This causes a hot zone around the tumor that EVA analyzes to generate a risk evaluation through Artificial Intelligence algorithms. Our Artificial Intelligence algorithms, then, generate a risk evaluation in a matter of minutes." Not only is this easier than making a visit to the doctor, but it is also more reliable.

The reason why the bra is so effective is that it makes the self-examination just that much more standardized. As their official website describes it, "This allows a professionalization of the auto-examination, complementing the conventional methods of diagnosis and screening." While many women may already know how to complete a breast examination themselves, they may not be doing so correctly. The EVA bra erases any chance of human and/or layman error through the power of technology.

The bra has already undergone stringent testing in order to understand how well the wearable tech works. As of now, Higia Technologies reports that the sensibility of the EVA bra stands at 87.9% while its specificity is at 81.7%. The study included data collected from 153 women with 33 of them having breast cancer confirmed through a mammogram or biopsy. The process used to conduct the study was a cross-validation system. In the near future, Higia hopes to continue conducting clinical trials in Mexico and abroad in collaboration with allies.

 The inventor and the bra.

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