Poor oral health may increase liver cancer risk

Poor oral health is associated with a 75 per cent increased risk of the most common form of liver cancer, new research has found.

The study analysed a large cohort of over 469,000 people in the UK, investigated the association between oral health conditions and the risk of a number of gastrointestinal cancers, including liver, colon, rectum and pancreatic cancer.

Models were applied to estimate the relationship between cancer risk and self-reported oral health conditions, such as painful or bleeding gums, mouth ulcers, and loose teeth.

 

Whilst no significant associations were observed on the risk of the majority gastrointestinal cancers and poor oral health, a substantial link was found for hepatobiliary cancer.

“Poor oral health has been associated with the risk of several chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes,” explained the lead author of the study.

“However, there is inconsistent evidence on the association between poor oral health and specific types of gastrointestinal cancers, which is what our research aimed to examine,” continued the Dr.

Of the 469,628 participants, 4,069 developed gastrointestinal cancer during the (average) six-year follow up. In 13per cent of these cases, patients reported poor oral health.

Participants with poor oral health were more likely to be younger, female, living in deprived socioeconomic areas and consumed less than two portions of fruit and vegetables per day.

The biological mechanisms by which poor oral health may be more strongly associated with liver cancer, rather than other digestive cancers, is currently uncertain.

One explanation is the potential role of the oral and gut microbiome in disease development.
“The liver contributes to the elimination of bacteria from the human body. When the liver is affected by diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis or cancer, its function will decline and bacteria will survive for longer and therefore have the potential to cause more harm. One bacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum, originates in the oral cavity but its role in liver cancer is unclear. Further studies investigating the microbiome and liver cancer are therefore warranted,” stated the Dr.

Another theory in explaining the higher cancer risk due to poor oral health suggested that participants with a high number of missing teeth may alter their diet, consuming softer and potentially less nutritious foods, which in turn influence the risk of liver cancer.

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Smoking can trigger severe pain in legs

Researchers have found a strong link between smoking and peripheral artery disease – a circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs – and this elevated risk can persist up to 30 years after quitting smoking. 

A recently published study also found that the link between smoking and peripheral artery disease was even stronger than that for coronary heart disease and stroke.

 "The study suggests that campaigns about smoking's health risks should emphasize the elevated risk of peripheral artery disease, not just coronary heart disease and stroke," said senior study author.

The study found that compared with never-smokers, those who smoked for more than 40 pack-years had roughly four times more risk for peripheral artery disease, versus 2.1 times and 1.8 times more risk for coronary heart disease and stroke, respectively.

 A pack-year is a parameter of smoking – 10 pack-years can mean one pack per day for 10 years or two packs per day for five years or some other combination.

 Similarly, participants who reported currently smoking more than a pack per day had a relative increased risk – 5.4 times more for peripheral artery disease versus 2.4 for coronary heart disease and 1.9 for stroke – compared to those who had never smoked.

Peripheral artery disease features the atherosclerotic build-up of cholesterol-laden deposits in arteries serving the legs. The reduction of blood flow leads to limb pain, poor wound healing, and other signs and symptoms. 

The effect of smoking on peripheral artery disease risk was not just stronger; it was also longer-lasting.

 Only after 30 years of smoking cessation did the peripheral artery disease risk for former smokers return to the baseline level seen in never-smokers.

By comparison, coronary heart disease risk took about 20 years to return to baseline after smoking cessation. 

The good news is that quitting smoking appeared to bring a meaningful drop in peripheral artery disease risk fairly quickly. 

"We observed a lower risk for peripheral artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke within five years of smoking cessation," says a data analyst and author of the study. 

"Smoking almost always starts in adolescence or early adulthood, and it's very important that young people understand how long the elevated health risk persists even after they've quit," the researchers noted.

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Silent Signs of Sleep Apnea

Our sleep quality is influenced by many factors, the most important of which is the time we devote to it. The experts' general recommendation is to sleep 7-8 hours every night, but even if you sleep the recommended amount of time, you may still wake up tired and exhausted without understanding why. If this is the case, you may have sleep apnea, a syndrome most people suffering from it are unaware of, and in fact, about 6% of the population suffers from it, or 1 in 20 people. So how do you know whether or not you have sleep apnea? Go over the following silent signs and see if they describe you. We’ve also added a section about children so you can make sure your child doesn’t suffer from it as well.


What Is Sleep Apnea?
This syndrome is a sleep disorder that is manifested by a break in the breathing process or a decrease in breathing rate during sleep. It is usually caused by obstruction of the airway, with the lax tongue and palate blocking the airway, also causing snoring. The condition is rarely caused by a nervous system problem or by a brain injury. The cessation of breathing can last from 10 to 30 seconds, which causes the person suffering from the problem to wake up in the middle of the night to catch their breath. People who suffer from sleep apnea experience restless nights, even without knowing it, and eventually wake up tired as if they didn’t sleep properly - because they truly haven’t.

7 Silent signs of sleep apnea

1. You feel tired all day long

If you are tired at all hours of the day, don’t just blame your busy life. "A lot of people feel tired, but don’t know why and attribute it to lack of sleep, among other things," says the director of sleep and airway surgery. Fatigue during the day that results from sleep apnea affects men more than women.

2. You wake up with a headache

If your day starts with a headache, sleep apnea could be the cause. Even if you sleep seven to eight hours a night, as recommended, this syndrome prevents you from sleeping properly and wakes you up to 100 times every night, according to a study.

3. You visit the bathroom many times throughout the night

According to the Dr., many patients try to find a reason for their frequent wake ups in the middle of the night thus attributing it to the need to relieve themselves. "Many people wake up in the middle of the night and don’t know why, so they’ll think maybe it’s because they need to pee." While this may be the case for you, you should still be aware: If these are frequent and many, your bladder may be fine, and the problem may be sleep apnea.

4. You are anxious or have frequent mood swings

A lack of sleep can make everyone anxious, no matter what kind of ay they’re having. Frequent mood swings are the product of stress and anxiety, and may also be indirect signs of sleep apnea. In a study conducted , people who don’t sleep enough every night often suffer from depression and mental exhaustion - all of which can be suspicious signs of sleep problems.
 

5. Your driving skills are worsening
“One of the biggest signs of sleep apnea is car accidents,” says the Dr.  In fact, a study conducted in 2015  found that people with sleep apnea were 2.5 times more likely to be involved in a car accident. In another study, there was a 70% reduction in the number of road accidents of people with sleep apnea who received medical treatment for the problem.

6. You gain weight for no apparent reason

Hormones that regulate your sense of hunger work hard at night throughout your sleep cycle. "When you disturb the natural circadian rhythm, some hormones don’t reach their peaks or get released at all," says the Dr. , meaning that during the day you will feel hungrier and your body may develop insulin resistance, which means you will eventually develop diabetes.

7. You’re experiencing intimacy problems

"Impotence is a big sleep apnea sign for men. Many blame it on low testosterone or stress, but sleep apnea can be the cause," Dr. says, adding that people with erectile dysfunction were twice as likely to suffer from sleep apnea than those without it, and the cause of this is a problem sleep cycle patterns.

Signs of sleep apnea in children

Children can also suffer from sleep apnea, and there are signs that may seem common and insignificant, but when they appear together, they can indicate that your child suffers from sleep apnea. Irritable behavior, nervousness, difficulty in concentration and decline in academic grades are symptoms of this problem, according to Dr., a study in 2015 found that the professions most affected by the syndrome were art, mathematics, and science.
As noted, all of these symptoms can occur in any child regardless of sleep apnea, but another sign that may cause you to suspect the problem is bed-wetting. Dr. says: "When their breathing is disturbed, oxygen levels drop, which makes them lose bladder function." If your child is already potty trained but still wetting the bed, it is recommended to take them to a doctor and discuss the possibility of sleep apnea.

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Intense workouts could lead to poor oral health

Exercising has always been thought of as the best way to help in weight loss and keep you fit, but did you know that it could potentially damage your oral health? Yes, according to a recent study done on athletes, it found that intense training may contribute to dental problems.
 
The study published in The Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports hinted towards the fact that in the past professional athletes could have suffered from a heightened risk of oral issues. 

Another study published last year in The British Journal of Sports Medicine found that dentists who examined the oral health of professional athletes found that they had significantly poor oral health as compared to non-athletes. They also displayed a high level of tooth decay, gum disease and erosion of the tooth enamel. Other studies, however, found little if any link between consuming sports drinks and developing cavities. In an attempt to understand the reason for this, researchers at the University Hospital Heidelberg in Germany and other institutions recruited 35 competitive triathletes and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy adults who were not athletes.
 

The researchers found that in comparison to the non-athletes, the athletes showed significantly greater erosion of their tooth enamel. They had more cavities, with the risk increasing as an athlete’s training time grew. Over all, the more hours that an athlete spent working out, the more likely he or she was to have cavities.

What they did not find, however, was any correlation between sports drinks and tooth decay, or when they were at rest.

But what they found was that as the athletes worked out their mouths became drier (regardless of whether they drank water or not) and their saliva composition also changed, becoming more alkaline as their workout continued.  The excess alkalinity in saliva is thought to contribute to the development of tartar plaques on teeth and other problems.

In a statement Dr Cornelia Freese, a senior dentist at University Hospital Heidelberg, who led the study said, ‘We had thought sports drinks and nutrition might have the most detrimental influence on dental decay,’ she said, ‘but we saw no direct link’ between them. She also emphasised that it was the change in saliva during exercise that led to this decay.

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Paracetamol in pregnancy may affect child development

Long-term use of paracetamol during pregnancy may increase the risk of behavioural problems, poor gross motor skills and poor communication skills in children, a new study has warned.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used medicine in pregnancy, yet there are very few studies that have investigated the possible long-term consequences for the child.

The new study from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health used data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study to investigate the effect of paracetamol during pregnancy on psychomotor development, behaviour and temperament at 3 years of age.

Almost 3,000 sibling pairs were included in the study.

By comparing children who were exposed to paracetamol during pregnancy with unexposed siblings of the same sex, researchers could control for a variety of genetic and environmental factors, in addition to other important factors such as infections, fever, use of other medications, alcohol intake and smoking.

The study found that children who had been exposed to paracetamol for more than 28 days of pregnancy had poorer gross motor skills, poor communication skills and more behavioural problems compared with unexposed siblings.

The same trend was seen with paracetamol taken for less than 28 days, but this was weaker.
To investigate whether the underlying illness could be the cause of the effect on the children, and not paracetamol itself, the researchers examined a different type of analgesic with another type of mechanism of action (ibuprofen).

The researchers did not find any similar long-term effects after use of ibuprofen.

"The results strengthen our concern that long-term use of paracetamol during pregnancy may have an adverse effect on child development, but that occasional use for short periods is probably not harmful to the foetus," said Professor Hedvig Nordeng at the School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo.

"Importantly, we cannot assume that there is a causal relationship between maternal use of paracetamol during pregnancy and adverse effects in children from an epidemiological study.

"Since this is the only study to show this, there is a need for further research to confirm or refute these results," Nordeng said.

The study was published in the International Journal of Epidemiology.

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