Air pollution might be linked to poor sleep, say researchers looking
into the impact of toxic air on our slumbers. The study explored the
proportion of time participants spent asleep in bed at night compared
with being awake – a measure known as sleep efficiency.
The
results reveal that greater exposure to nitrogen dioxide and small
particulates known as PM 2.5s are linked with a greater chance of having
low sleep efficiency. That, researchers say, could be down to the
impact of air pollution on the body. “Your nose, your sinuses and the
back of your throat can all be irritated by those pollutants so that can
cause some sleep disruption as well as from breathing issues,” said
Martha Billings, assistant professor of medicine at the University of
Washington and co-author of the research. Billings added that pollutants
entering the blood could have an effect on the brain and hence the
regulation of breathing.
The study, presented at the American Thoracic Society’s annual
international conference, drew on air pollution data captured for
nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 levels over a five-year period in six US
cities, including data captured near the homes of the 1,863
participants. The data was then used to provide estimates of pollution
levels in the home.
Researchers then captured data from
medical-grade wearable devices worn by the participants on their wrists
over a period of seven consecutive days to monitor fine movements while
they slept – an approach that offers insights into how long each
participant spent asleep or awake. From the results, the team grouped
the participants according to their sleep efficiency, finding that the
top quarter of the participants had a sleep efficiency of about 93% or
higher, while the bottom quarter had a sleep efficiency of 88% or less.
The team then took all of the participants and split them into four
groups based on their exposure to air pollution.
After taking into account a host of factors including age, smoking
status and conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, the team found
that those who were exposed to the highest levels of air pollution over
five years were more likely to be in the bottom group for sleep
efficiency than those exposed to the lowest levels.
More
specifically, high levels of nitrogen dioxide increased the odds of
having low sleep efficiency by almost 60%, while high levels of PM2.5s
increased the odds by almost 50%. Higher levels of pollution were also
linked to greater periods of time spent awake after going to sleep.
However, it is not clear whether the pollution itself was affecting
the participants’ sleep or whether the poorer sleep quality might be
down to other factors linked to pollution, such as the noise generated
by traffic. In addition, data from one week’s sleep might not reflect an
individual’s typical sleep pattern.
Scott Weichenthal, an
epidemiologist from McGill University in Canada who was not involved in
the study, said the research did not prove that air pollution caused
poor sleep, but he added: “There is certainly increasing evidence that
air pollution affects our body in ways that we didn’t appreciate
before.”
Roy Harrison, professor of environmental health at the
University of Birmingham, said a link between pollution and sleep was
not unexpected. “Previous research has shown associations between
nitrogen dioxide exposures and effects upon various physiological and
biochemical functions in the body, as well as hospital admissions and
mortality,” he said. “It should therefore come as no surprise that such
exposures also affect sleep patterns.”
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Labels: air pollution, irritation, nitrogen dioxide, nose, poor sleep, sinus, sleep apnea, Smoking, stress, throat, toxic air