Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Arogya Setu wristbands to monitor patients’ movements

The Centre is preparing to procure thousands of wristbands which will be embedded with its Arogya Setu app to monitor movements of patients in both hospital and house quarantine, and also help frontline workers take adequate care when they visit houses for screening of patients.

Broadcast Engineering Consultants India will pitch the designs to AIIMS and other government hospitals this week and then to state governments. BECIL will look at the commercial aspect of procuring technology the government needs and is working with Bengaluru and Gurgaon-based startups on designing the tool.

As the emphasis is on home quarantine, wristbands will help in remote monitoring, help health professionals know people’s temperature and symptoms. The numbers are going to be significant as more and more people will be asked to self-isolate, an official said. Technical bids for the wristbands closed on Monday, and now the PSU, along with senior government officials, is reviewing the designs.


“Each infected person has the ability to infect 100 others. So the numbers under monitoring will be huge in the coming days. The wristbands will ensure that people quarantined with suspected infections stay at a designated place. If they take it off, the hospitals will be informed. Once integrated with Arogya Setu app, there will be many more parameters which will be available for the health officials’ supervision,” the official said.

Online meetings have been set up with company heads to discuss the 'proof of concept,' of the design, an official said.

“Several states have told us how they are using a lot of manpower and resources to track movements... This will be helpful to frontline workers to monitor patients’ health and also be warned when they enter risk zones,” he added. The wristbands could be priced at around 2,200 a piece, which could be less if the demands go down.

Maharashtra and Karnataka already have a home quarantine tracking system, while Kerala uses GPS solutions extensively.

According to the technical document, the tool will also “detect, prevent and investigate threats to national security using CDR, IPDR, Tower, Mobile Phone Forensics Data, and Open Street Maps, Google Maps and Offline Maps without internet”.


The band would monitor “everyday behaviour of the person, including where s/he orders food from and the places s/he regularly visits, the multiple routes s/he could take”.

"The tool should be able to easily identify close contacts, frequent contacts as well as occasional contacts such as Uber drivers etc, and be able to collect information like where the suspect has spent most of his/her time and who all he or she has met," the document said.


Several countries have ramped up their surveillance to keep track of COVID-19 patients. Taiwan has a mobile phone-based ‘electronic fence’ that uses location-tracking technology, while Hong Kong had mandated an electronic wristband on infected people to keep them quarantined.

Experts, however, have also raised serious questions about privacy and civil liberties with the use of these tools.



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Wednesday, January 01, 2020

Cell replacement therapies may help treat Parkinson's disease

Cell replacement therapies may help alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, a progressive disorder that currently has no cure, scientists say. 

According to a study published in the Journal of Parkinson's Disease, newly developed stem cell technologies could be used to treat the disease. The most common Parkinson's disease treatment today is based on enhancing the activity of the nigro-striatal pathway in the brain with dopamine-modulating therapies, thereby increasing striatal dopamine levels and improving motor impairment associated with the disease. However, this treatment has significant long-term limitations and side effects. 


Stem cell technologies show promise for treating Parkinson's Disease and may play an increasing role in alleviating at least the motor symptoms, if not others, in the decades to come. "We are in desperate need of a better way of helping people with Parkinson's disease. It is on the increase worldwide. There is still no cure, and medications only go part way to fully treat in co-ordination and movement problems," said Claire Henchcliffe, from Weill Cornell Medical College in the US. "If successful, using stem cells as a source of transplantable dopamine-producing nerve cells could revolutionize care of the Parkinson's disease patient in the future," said Malin Parmar, from Lund University in Sweden. 


"A single surgery could potentially provide a transplant that would last throughout a patient's lifespan, reducing or altogether avoiding the need for dopamine-based medications," said Parmar. Researchers have analysed how newly developed stem cell technologies could be used to treat Parkinson's disease, and how clinical researchers are moving very quickly to translate this technology to early clinical trials. In the past, most transplantation studies in PD used human cells from aborted embryos.


While these transplants could survive and function for many years, there were scientific and ethical issues -- foetal cells are in limited supply, and they are highly variable and hard to quality control. Only some patients benefited, and some developed side effects from the grafts, such as uncontrollable movements called dyskinesias. Recent strides in stem cell technology mean that quality, consistency, activity, and safety can be assured, and that it is possible to grow essentially unlimited amounts of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the laboratory for transplantation. This approach is now rapidly moving into initial testing in clinical trials, researchers said. The choice of starting material has also expanded with the availability of multiple human embryonic stem cell lines, as well as the possibilities for producing induced pluripotent cells, or neuronal cells from a patient's own blood or skin cells. 


The first systematic clinical transplantation trials using pluripotent stem cells as donor tissue were initiated in Japan in 2018. The first-generation cells are now being trialed and new advances in stem cell biology and genetic engineering promise even better cells and therapies in the future, researchers said. "With several research groups, including our own centres, quickly moving towards testing of stem cell therapies for Parkinson's disease, there is not only a drive to improve what is possible for our patients, but also a realisation that our best chance is harmonising efforts across groups," said Henchcliffe. 


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Saturday, October 26, 2019

Solar power technology may kill cancer cells

Researchers have discovered a way to detect and attack cancer cells using technology traditionally reserved for solar power.

The results published in a journal showcases dramatic improvements in light-activated fluroescent dyes for disease diagnosis, image-guided surgery, and site-specific tumour treatment.


We've tested this concept in breast, lung cancer and skin cancer cell lines and mouse models and so far it's all looking remarkably promising, said a researcher.


While the cancer applications hold the most possibility, their findings have potential beyond the field of oncology, said another researcher.


This work has the potential to transform fluorescent probes for broad societal impact through applications ranging from bio-medicine to photocatalysis- the acceleration of chemical reactions with light, he said.


Our solar research inspired this cancer project, and in turn, focusing on cancer cells has advanced our solar cell research, it's been an amazing feedback loop, he added.


Prior to the Lunts' combined effort, fluorescent dyes used for therapeutics and diagnostics, aka " theranostics", had shortcomings, such as low brightness, high toxicity to cells, poor tissue penetration and unwanted side effects.


By optoelectronically tuning organic salt nanoparticles used as theranostics, the Lunts were able to control them in a range of cancer studies.


Coaxing the nanoparticles into the nontoxic zone resulted in enhanced imaging, while pushing them into the phototoxic---or light activated--- range produced effective on-site tumour treatment.


The key was learning to control the electronics of their photoactive molecules independently from their optical properties and then making the leap to apply this understanding in a new way to a seemingly unrelated filed.


He had recently discovered the ability to electronically tune these salts from his work in converting photovoltaic into the solar glass.


The researcher had long studies metabolic pathways unique to cancer cells. It was when the Lunts were discussing solar glass during a walk that they made the connection:  Molecules active in the solar cells might also be used to more effectively target and kill cancer cells.


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Thursday, September 12, 2019

Advanced MRI brain scan can predict stroke-related dementia

Advancement of technology has made it easier for practitioner to diagnose diseases which were earlier tough to predict and at times went undetected.

A study has found that an advanced MRI brain scan analysis in patients with stroke-related, small vessel disease, helped predict problems with thinking, memory and even dementia.


When a stroke or other disease damages tiny blood vessels in the brain, the condition is known as small vessel disease. This condition is the most common cause of thinking problems ( planning,  organising information and processing speed) and can even lead to dementia. Although early treatment could help patients at risk, no effective test is available to identify them.


This study evaluated the accuracy of a new MRI analysis technique using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) , in predicting thinking problems and dementia related to small vessel disease.


A single scan measured the brain in fine detail to reveal damaged areas. By comparing these images to a healthy person's, researchers were able to classify the brain into areas of healthy versus damaged tissue.


Results showed that participants with the most brain damage were much more likely to develop thinking problems. The analysis also helped predict 3/4ths of the dementia cases that occurred during the study.


We've developed a useful tool for monitoring patients at risk of developing dementia and could target those who need early treatment, said senior author of the study.



The study included 99 patients with small vessel disease caused by ischemic stroke, a type of stroke that blocks the blood vessels deep within the brain. Slightly more than 1/3rd were female, average age 68, and most were Caucasian.


Patients received the MRI scans annually for 3 years and thinking tests annually for 5 years. 18 participants developed dementia during the study, with an average time to onset of approximately 3 years and 4 months.


This advanced MRI analysis offers a highly accurate and sensitive marker of small vessel diseases severity in a single measure that can be used to detect who will and will not go on to develop dementia in a 5 year period , noted the author.


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Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Optic nerve stimulation offers hope for visually impaire

Scientists are developing a technology for the visually-impaired people that bypasses the eyeball entirely and sends messages to the brain, paving the way for a new visual aid for daily living. 

Researchers from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) and Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Italy use a new type of intraneural electrode called OpticSELINE to stimulate the optic nerve. The technology, described in the journal , has been successfully tested in rabbits.
 
"We believe that intraneural stimulation can be a valuable solution for several neuroprosthetic devices for sensory and motor function restoration. The translational potentials of this approach are indeed extremely promising," said a professor. Researchers noted that blindness affects an estimated 39 million people in the world. Many factors can induce blindness, like genetics, retinal detachment, trauma, stroke in the visual cortex, glaucoma, cataract, inflammation or infection. Some blindness is temporary and can be treated medically, researchers said. 

The idea is to produce phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light in the form of white patterns, without seeing light directly. Retinal implants, a prosthetic device for helping the blind, suffer from exclusion criteria. For example, half a million people worldwide are blind due to Retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder, but only a few hundred patients qualify for retinal implants for clinical reasons. A brain implant that stimulates the visual cortex directly is another strategy albeit risky. 

A priori, the new intraneural solution minimises exclusion criteria since the optic nerve and the pathway to the brain are often intact. Previous attempts to stimulate the optic nerve in the 1990s provided inconclusive results. Intraneural electrodes may be the answer for providing rich visual information to the subjects. They are also stable and less likely to move around once implanted in a subject, according to the scientists. "Cuff electrodes are surgically placed around the nerve, whereas intraneural electrodes pierce through the nerve," said Diego Ghezzi from EPFL. 

Together, Ghezzi, Micera and their teams engineered the OpticSELINE, an electrode array of 12 electrodes. In order to understand how effective these electrodes are at stimulating the various nerve fibres within the optic nerve, the scientists delivered electric current to the optic nerve via OpticSELINE and measured the brain's activity in the visual cortex. 

They developed an elaborate algorithm to decode the cortical signals. The researchers showed that each stimulating electrode induces a specific and unique pattern of cortical activation, suggesting that intraneural stimulation of the optic nerve is selective and informative. As a preliminary study, the visual perception behind these cortical patterns remains unknown.
 
"For now, we know that intraneural stimulation has the potential to provide informative visual patterns," Ghezzi said. "It will take feedback from patients in future clinical trials in order to fine-tune those patterns. From a purely technological perspective, we could do clinical trials tomorrow," he said. 
 
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Thursday, February 28, 2019

Machine Learning Can Identify Kids Suffering From Developmental Disorder Due to Alcohol Exposure in Womb

Researchers have developed a new tool that uses Machine Learning (ML) technology to screen children suffering from a type of developmental and neurobehavioural disorder, caused due to alcohol exposure while in the womb, quickly and at an affordable rate.
It is estimated that millions of children will be diagnosed with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). This condition, when not diagnosed early in a child's life, can give rise to secondary cognitive and behavioural disabilities.


FASD is still quite difficult to diagnose. A professional diagnosis can take a long time with the current work taking as much as an entire day.

But, the ML tool, developed by researchers, uses a camera and computer vision to record patterns in children's eye movements as they watch multiple one-minute videos, or look towards or away from a target. It then identifies patterns that contrast to recorded eye movements by other children who watched the same videos or targets.

The eye movements outside the norm were flagged by the researchers as children who might be at risk for having FASD and need more formal diagnoses by healthcare practitioners, according to study published in a journal. "There is not a simple blood test to diagnose FASD. It is one of those spectrum disorders where there is a broad range of the disorder. It is medically very challenging and it is co-morbid with other conditions," said Laurent Itti, Professor at the USC.

"The new screening procedure only involves a camera and a computer screen, and can be applied to very young children. It takes only 10 to 20 minutes and the cost should be affordable in most cases," added a researcher. While this computer vision tool is not intended to replace full diagnosis, it could provide important feedback so that parents can ensure that their children are seen by professionals and receive early cognitive learning and potentially behavioural interventions, the researchers noted. 


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Saturday, January 27, 2018

Second-Hand Plastic Toys Contain Toxic Elements That May Harm Your Child

Findings of a new study have revealed that plastic used in some second-hand toys may pose health hazards to children and does not meet safety guidelines.

Toxic Elements In Second-Hand Toys

In a new study published,  researchers tested 200 used plastic toys in thrift shops, nurseries, and homes for hazardous elements.

Using X-ray fluorescence technology to analyze these toys, which include trains, cars, figures, and puzzles, the researcher found that 20 of about 200 second-hand plastic toys tested had traces of nine elements, which include barium, bromine, cadmium, chromium, antimony, lead, and selenium. Some had concentrations that are too high to meet safety standards.

Potential Health Effects On Children

The elements can be chronically toxic if children are exposed to them at low levels over an extended period of time.

Arsenic is a toxin linked to developmental defects, neurotoxicity, skin lesions, cardiovascular conditions, and even cancer. Cadmium is a hormone disruptor associated with breast cancer. 

Exposure to lead can jeopardize the brain and the nervous system.

Children who put these toys in their mouth could be exposed to greater amount of toxins. All the toys tested for the study were small enough to be chewed by children.

"Previously used toys has the potential to create a legacy of chemical contamination for younger children," the researcher said.

The worst offenders were found to be yellow, red, and black plastics. The researcher noted the Lego bricks from the '70s and '80 are among those found to have high levels of toxic chemicals. The researcher said that toys were not tested in those days, but they are handed down.

Consumers Need To Be Aware Of Risks

Second-hand toys make an attractive option for families because they can be handed down by friends or relatives. They are also priced cheaply at charity stores, flea markets, and the internet.

The researcher said that with lack of regulation to cover the resale and recycling of older toys, consumers should at least be aware of the potential harms these toys pose to children.

"While there is no retroactive regulation on second-hand toys, consumers should be aware that old, mouthable, plastic items may present a source of hazardous element exposure to infants," the researcher wrote in his report.

Another potential danger of buying second-hand toy is the possibility of buying items that have been recalled in the past.

"Avoid buying used toys that have no packaging or that are missing some type of label or brand identification, without which it might be difficult or impossible to tell if the toy has been recalled," researcher advised.


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