Daughters of Women With PCOS Five Times More Likely to Inherit the Disorder

The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) hasn’t been well researched to date, but a new study has now found daughters of women who have PCOS are five times more likely to inherit the condition compared to those born to women who don’t have PCOS.

Researchers also identified four alterations in genetic function present in both daughters of women who have PCOS as well as unrelated women with PCOS, helping to clarify a long-suspected hereditary genetic predisposition to the condition and raising the possibility of a screening test in the future.

PCOS is a hormonal disorder in which women of reproductive age may experience infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or produce male hormones, known as androgens, in excess. This may cause them to develop excess body hair, acne, and even suffer from fertility problems.

Researchers of the current study,  said when pregnant, women with PCOS have higher levels of the androgen hormone that increases the likelihood for their daughters to develop PCOS later in life.

They reached the above conclusion after studying both humans and mice. Scientists from Sweden-based Karolinska Institute studied 21 Chilean women whose mothers were diagnosed with PCOS and 14 women whose mothers didn’t have the condition. Of this group, 15 women were found to show symptoms of PCOS, whereas, of those whose mothers didn’t have PCOS, only one was diagnosed with the disorder.

In addition to this study group, scientists also analyzed data from 29,000 Swedish women, of which more than 2,000 women’s mothers had PCOS. The results showed that 3.4% of women whose mothers had PCOS were also later diagnosed with the disorder themselves — a rate roughly five times higher than the 0.6% diagnosis rate among women whose mothers didn’t have PCOS.

“Our work shows that the daughters of women with PCOS have an increased risk of developing the disorder,” said the lead author of the study, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, to The Guardian. “This is an under-recognized condition. Many women out there have either diagnosed themselves or are not diagnosed and are not feeling good.”

To further study how this condition is inherited, researchers led animal studies wherein pregnant mice were given injections of testosterone, an androgen, in order to mimic PCOS in mothers. They found the resulting female pups displayed PCOS-like symptoms, which were passed on for up to three generations. Each generation showed the same, unique altered gene function as well.

One in 5 women in India have PCOS ; globally, according to the World Health Organization, it is known to have affected about 2% to 26% women, and many women remain undiagnosed, per another study. Despite its prevalence, PCOS remains an under-recognized condition; for as many as one-third of women, it takes more than two years and consultations with at least three health professionals to establish a diagnosis for PCOS and start treatment.

Therefore, “if further work confirms the genes’ role in PCOS, they could potentially form the basis for a screening test in young women,” said Stener-Victorin to The Guardian. “It is very important for women with PCOS to be diagnosed and treated, if possible maybe lowering the androgen levels, because it may affect their future children and grandchildren.”

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Exercises can avert weight gain in spite of obesity genes

A recent study has found types of exercise that are especially effective at combating genetic effects that contribute to obesity. For people who inherit genes that increase their chance of becoming obese, there is a hope of keeping their weight off.

Worldwide, obesity is a challenging condition to control because it results from interactions between a person’s genetics and lifestyle. Doctors often recommend, but it is not clear which kinds are best for curbing weight gain in individuals whose genetics make them more likely to become obese.

The researchers looked specifically at five measures of obesity, such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio. They found that regular jogging was the best type of exercise for managing obesity, according to the five measures. Moreover, mountain climbing, walking, power walking, certain types of dancing, and long yoga practices also reduce BMI in individuals predisposed to obesity. Surprisingly, cycling, stretching exercises, swimming and Dance Revolution did not counteract the genetic effects on obesity.

Overall, the study suggests that when it comes to obesity, genetics are not destiny, and the effects can be lessened by several kinds of regular exercise. Previous research has shown that frequent physical activity blunts the genetic effects on obesity, but these studies focused only on BMI. The new study also considers four other measures of obesity that are more closely linked to metabolic problems. As obesity continues to be a serious   public health challenge, the benefits of exercise cannot be overstated.

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A Study Reveals That Children Get Most of Their Genes From Their Maternal Grandmother

Our maternal grandmothers are unique in that they have a special connection with us, their grandchildren. They play an important role in our lives, both on an emotional and on a genetic level. Even if you don’t spend much time with your maternal grandmother, the bond between you and her will never fade away. It happens because you inherit her DNA, her temperament, her tastes, and her emotions!

A Chilean essayist, has written a book where he explains the genetic influence of maternal grandmothers on their grandchildren, because genes can skip generations passing from a grandparent directly to the grandchild.

According to him, the genes that children receive in their mothers’ wombs come directly from their grandmothers. Among all the grandparents and relatives, the maternal grandmother is the one who is the most responsible for gene inheritance.

Genes don’t always get passed on directly to the next generation, buy they can skip one. That’s why there is always a possibility that some kids might look like their aunts, uncles, and grandparents more than their own parents.

Children may not look exactly like their grandmother, but there will always be a mark on them: a mole, a smile, their eye color, their way of moving and walking. Also, they sometimes inherit the bone structure, muscles, or even genetic diseases from their grandparents.

We share an average of 25% of our DNA with our grandparents. Scientists  have published  research about the bond between the maternal grandmother and their grandchildren. According to this research, this connection happens because of the X-chromosome: maternal grandmothers pass 25% of their X-chromosomes to all their grandchildren, which allows them to inherit her genes.

Paternal grandmothers only pass on their X-chromosomes to their granddaughters, but not to their grandsons. So while the paternal grandmother has a 50% X-relatedness to their granddaughters, they are 0% X-related to their grandsons.

Don’t worry, this doesn’t mean that grandchildren are not close to their paternal grandparents. The most important thing to remember is to maintain frequent contact and a general presence in a child’s life. This will improve the essential bonds that are necessary to build a strong friendly family, regardless of genes or gender.

 

According to him, children also inherit the emotional experiences of their maternal grandmothers. The emotions that a grandmother felt when she was pregnant with her daughter can be passed on to her future grandchildren, since this information can be recorded in DNA and remain there even if it skips a generation.

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7 things nobody ever tells you about lactose intolerance

As a child, you guzzled litres of milk, but now, a number of years later, you start noticing that dairy doesn't always agree with you.   

For some, however, it's a lot more than a vague, unpleasant feeling and many people experience symptoms like bloating, stomach cramping and diarrhea – all signs of lactose intolerance. 

This is probably the sum total of your knowledge about lactose intolerance. But, to increase your awareness of the problem, here are seven things you may not know about this common digestive ailment:
1. You could be heading towards lactose intolerance 
If you love ice-cream, the following news might be upsetting:  Research shows that about 75% of the world's population lose the ability to break down lactose at some point, which means that many people naturally become lactose intolerant over time. The prevalence of lactose intolerance in South Africa is estimated at 11.03%.
2. Some ethnicities are more likely to develop it than others 
Lactose intolerance is most prevalent among people of East Asian ancestry, affecting more than 90% of adults in some communities, according to the doctors.
The condition is also common in people who are of Jewish, Arab, West African, Greek and Italian descent. On the other hand, people with ancestors from Northern Europe, who consume mostly unfermented milk, have only a 5% rate of lactose intolerance.

3. Lactose intolerance affects everyone differently 
People with lactose intolerance have diverse reactions to consuming the offending dairy products. Tiny amounts of lactose may cause intense symptoms such as abdominal cramps and diarrhea in some, while other might only experience gas.
It's not entirely clear why symptoms vary so much from person to person – it might, however, have something to do with individuals' gut bacteria.

4. Certain types of cheese and yogurt may not trigger the disorder
In many cases, being lactose intolerant doesn't mean you have to say goodbye to the goodness that is dairy. While some people cannot digest much of it, others have no trouble digesting yoghurt, which contains fermented milk, or cheeses such as Parmesan or cheddar. Those cheeses are aged and contain only trace amounts of lactose, making it easier to digest for those with an intolerance.
Here is an easy way to tell which cheeses have low lactose levels: Check the nutrition label. Since lactose is the sugar found in milk, the fewer grams of sugar on the label, the higher your chances of being to digest the product.

5. The symptoms waste no time 
The symptoms of lactose intolerance usually occur within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming milk-based products. The more milk products you ingest, the worse you will feel.

6. Babies can be lactose intolerant 
There have been cases of babies being born lactose intolerant. This happens when the baby has a mutation of the LCT gene, which normally delivers instructions for making that key enzyme. This results in the baby's small intestine producing little to no lactase, making dairy "complicated". 

According to the doctors, children can inherit genes that cause congenital lactose intolerance from their parents. However, it's extremely rare for babies to have this condition. 


7. You might be able to build up your tolerance 
While it does sound like an unpleasant experiment for anyone with lactose intolerance, studies argue that consuming small amounts of milk on a full stomach two to three times a day can help to recondition your digestive system to break down dairy without discomfort. 

However, if your small intestine does not make enough lactase, it will not suddenly start to do so. You should experiment and find out what works best for you instead of cutting dairy out completely. 

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Girls may inherit ovarian cancer gene from fathers

Scientists have found a gene responsible for ovarian cancer that can be passed down from fathers to their daughters.
The study found that genes on the X-chromosome get potentially passed down through the father to his daughter, thus increasing the risk of ovarian cancer in girls.
A mutation on the X-chromosome may also advance ovarian cancer's age of onset by more than six years.
"Our study may explain why we find families with multiple affected daughters: because a dad's chromosomes determine the sex of his children, all of his daughters have to carry the same X-chromosome genes," said an Assistant Professor.

The study,  stated that the genetic mutation inherited from the paternal grandmothers were also associated with higher rates of prostate cancer in fathers and sons as well.
The researchers collected information about pairs of granddaughters and grandmothers and sequenced portions of the X-chromosome from 186 women affected by cancer. 
The results proposed that a gene on the X-chromosome may contribute to a woman's risk of developing ovarian cancer, independently of other known susceptibility genes, such as the BRCA genes.
This observation suggests that there may be many cases of seemingly sporadic ovarian cancer that are actually inherited, and may lead to improved cancer screening and better genetic risk assessment.  
However, future studies will be needed to confirm the identity and function of this gene. 
"What we have to do next is make sure we have the right gene by sequencing more families. This finding has sparked a lot of discussion within our group about how to find these X-linked families," the Prof. said. 
"It's an all-or-none kind of pattern: A family with three daughters who all have ovarian cancer is more likely to be driven by inherited X mutations than by BRCA mutations," the Prof. noted.

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