Thursday, April 18, 2019

Scientists revive brain funciton in dead pigs

Scientists have managed to restore cell function in the brains of pigs hours after they died, in a breakthrough that experts said threw into question the very notion of what makes animals of even humans--alive.

Authors said their research could one day be used to help treat victims of heart attacks and strokes and unravel the mysteries of brain trauma.


In human and large mammal brains, cells crucial for neural function begin to degrade as soon as blood supply is cut- a process long considered to be irreversible.


But the findings of the trial, show that the brains of pigs can have their blood flow and cell function restored even hours after death.


The team used the brains of 32 pigs that had been slaughtered for food and discarded, without blood or glucose flow for 4 hours each.


Then, using a tissue support system that pumps a liquid designed to mimic blood through organs, they rehydrated the brains for a further 6 hours.


Some brains received the patented life-support solution and others were given a control substance.
The results were astonishing: the brains that recived the artificial blood had basic cell function restored. Their blood vessel structure was revived, and the team even observed some localised processes- including in synapses and immune responses- flickering back to life.


Those that received the control solution turned within hours to what researchers described as something a bit like yoghurt.


I was tremendously surprised, a sresearcher and lead study author said.


We were surprised how well the structure was preserved. We found that cell death is reduced, which is very exciting and promising.


The main conceptual finding is this: cell death in the brain occurs across a longer time period than we previously thought , added the author.


The team stressed that they saw no higher level functional activity, such as electric signalling associated with consciousness in the revived brains.


That is a clinical sign that the brain is alive, and we never found it, he said. This is not a living brain, it is a cellularly active brain.


Had any such activity been detected, the team said they would have had to deliver anaesthetic to the brains to null any pain- despite then having been dead for hours.


If some activity shows up that indicated consciousness, we would have to stop the experiment, said a researcher.


This would be unique: inducing consciousness in an organ that's not connected to any living being.
The findings suggest that scientists may have under appreciated the brain's capacity for self-restoration after a patient is declared brain dead.


But for experts invited to comment on the study, it raised deeper philosophical and ethical questions.
Writing in a linked editorial, a Prof. of law and philosophy said that the study throws into question long-standing assumptions over what makes an animal or a human alive.


She said researchers had inadvertently created an ethical grey area where the pigs used were not alive, but not completely dead.


A Prof. of medical ethics said that the study could have vital implications for future brain research.
This research reminds us that death is less an event, and more of a process that occurs over time, he said.


Cells within the human organism may be alive for some period of time after the person has died.


A researcher said the team planned to use their support system on dead brains for longer periods of time in order to see how the cells react.


We could potentially get some insight into how these brains could be saved, he said.


THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                    PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/    
                                                                                                                                                     FOR INFO ABOUT KNEE REPLACEMENT, YOU CAN VIEW MY BLOG-                                                  https:// kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com/  
         
                   FOR CROCHET DESIGNS                                                                                                                                                                                                  https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com 

Labels: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Sunday, November 18, 2018

Head injuries lead to serious brain diseases- Here's all you need to know

 In a recent study, biologists discovered how head injuries adversely affect individual cells and genes that can lead to serious brain disorders. The researchers studied more than 6,000 cells in 15 hippocampal cell types -- the first study of individual cell types subject to brain trauma. Each cell has the same DNA, but which genes are activated varies among different cell types. Among the 15 cell types are two that were previously unknown, each with a unique set of active genes.
The life scientists provide the first cell 'atlas' of the hippocampus -- the part of the brain that helps regulate learning and memory -- when it is affected by traumatic brain injury. The team also proposed gene candidates for treating brain diseases associated with traumatic brain injuries, such as Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress disorder.
"Every cell type is different," said  co-senior author of the study.  The biologists found that hundreds of genes are adversely affected by mild traumatic brain injury, such as a concussion. These altered genes can later lead to Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other diseases.
The researchers reproduced a concussion-like brain injury in mice and studied other mice that did not receive a brain injury. The researchers analysed thousands of cells in the hippocampus of both groups of mice.
The mice without an injury had very low levels in 14 of the 15 cell types of a gene called TTR that regulates metabolism, controls thyroid hormones and performs other functions. Brain trauma increased the level of Ttr in essentially all of the cell types, the researchers found.
They concluded TTR is important to brain health and may function to bring more thyroid hormone to the brain to maintain metabolism. A thyroid hormone called T4 was injected in mice. T4 improved traumatic brain injury-induced learning deficits and reversed changes in 93 genes that affect learning and memory.
This reversal in damage caused by traumatic brain injury is a major new finding. After brain injury, metabolism is substantially reduced. The biologists think T4 may "reboot" metabolism.
Researchers found evidence that at least 12 of 15 cell types are negatively affected by brain trauma, some more strongly than others. They were able to see how genes that have been linked to Alzheimer's disease acted within different cell types, providing new details about where these genes act when they are affected by brain trauma.
"We are learning which cell types we may want to target in future research," said  a senior author of the study. "Maybe Alzheimer's disease-related genes do not have to be active in all different cell types."
For the first time, the biologists found several genes that are affected by traumatic brain injury, which has recently been linked to neurotic behaviour in humans. Traumatic brain injury has been associated with depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. This research could lead to new treatments for these conditions. 

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                                                                                                                                             PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/   

FOR INFO ABOUT KNEE REPLACEMENT, YOU CAN VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                                    https:// kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com/                              

FOR CROCHET DESIGNS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com

Labels: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,