Air Pollution may increase the risk of developing diabetes

If air pollution's link to respiratory diseases was not enough to worry about, a new study now suggests that outdoor air pollution, even at deemed safe levels, increases the risk of diabetes globally.
Even low level of pollution leads to an increase in diabetes cases

The study undertaken  found that one out of seven new cases of diabetes, in 2016, were caused due to air pollution.

If pollution levels come down in either heavily polluted country like India or lesser polluted USA, in both cases it may lead to a decrease in diabetes cases, according to the research.

"Our research shows a significant link between air pollution and diabetes globally," said the study's senior author and an assistant professor of medicine.

We found an increased risk, even at low levels of air pollution currently considered safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

This is important because many industry lobbying groups argue that current levels are too stringent and should be relaxed. Evidence shows that current levels are still not sufficiently safe and need to be tightened," he added.

The overall risk of pollution-related diabetes is tilted more toward lower-income countries such as India that lack the resources for environmental mitigation systems and clean-air policies while the U.S. experiences a moderate risk of pollution-related diabetes, the report said.

Primarily diabetes has been associated with lifestyle choices like junk food diet and a sedentary lifestyle, but research said pollution also plays a major role.

In the study, the team analysed data from more than one million participants who did not have any history of diabetes. They were followed for a median of eight and a half years.

To evaluate outdoor air pollution, the researchers looked at particulate matter, airborne microscopic pieces of dust, dirt, smoke, soot and liquid droplets. Previous studies have found that such particles can enter the lungs and invade the bloodstream, which may lead to major health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and kidney disease.

In case of diabetes, pollution is thought to reduce insulin production and trigger inflammation, preventing the body from converting blood glucose into energy that the body needs to maintain health.

Diabetes is one of the silent epidemics affecting a large number of people in the world with the highest numbers of people living with diabetes in India which is known as the Diabetes capital of the world.
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Turmeric may help boost memory, improve mood

We often have mood swings and we go through a phase of bad mood. Do you know the secret to your good mood lies in a common ingredient in Indian cuisine? Yes, according to a study, turmeric may improve memory and mood thus lowering the risk of Alzheimer.

The research, examined the effects of an easily absorbed curcumin supplement on memory performance in people without dementia, as well as curcumin's potential impact on the microscopic plaques and tangles in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. Found in turmeric, curcumin has previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in lab studies.

It also has been suggested as a possible reason that senior citizens in India have a lower prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and better cognitive performance. "Exactly how curcumin exerts its effects is not certain, but it may be due to its ability to reduce brain inflammation, which has been linked to both Alzheimer's disease and major depression," said a researcher. The study involved 40 adults between the ages of 50 and 90 years who had mild memory complaints.

Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or 90 milligrammes of curcumin twice daily for 18 months. All 40 subjects received standardised cognitive assessments at the start of the study and at six-month intervals, and monitoring of curcumin levels in their blood at the start of the study and after 18 months.Thirty of the volunteers underwent positron emission tomography, or PET scans, to determine the levels of amyloid and tau in their brains at the start of the study and after 18 months. The people who took curcumin experienced significant improvements in their memory and attention abilities, while the subjects who received placebo did not, the researcher said. In memory tests, the people taking curcumin improved by 28 per cent over the 18 months.

Those taking curcumin also had mild improvements in mood, and their brain PET scans showed significantly less amyloid and tau signals in the amygdala and hypothalamus than those who took placebos. The amygdala and hypothalamus are regions of the brain that control several memory and emotional functions.

Four people taking curcumin, and two taking placebos, experienced mild side effects such as abdominal pain and nausea. "These results suggest that taking this relatively safe form of curcumin could provide meaningful cognitive benefits over the years," said the researcher.
 

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A urine test can help detect cancer

In a new research, a group of researchers have developed a nanowire device that can detect microscopic levels of cancer markers in the urine, an advance that could help non-invasively diagnose the deadly disease. Cells communicate with each other through a number of different mechanisms. A less familiar mode of cellular transport is the extracellular vesicle (EV), which can be thought of as small “chunks” of a cell that are able to pinch off and circulate throughout the body to deliver messenger cargo to other cells. These messengers have become increasingly recognised as crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication. The scientists have developed a novel medical device that can efficiently capture these EVs, and potentially use them to screen for cancer.


Talking about the research, study’s lead author explained, “EVs are potentially useful as clinical markers. The composition of the molecules contained in an EV may provide a diagnostic signature for certain diseases. The ongoing challenge for physicians in any field is to find a non-invasive diagnostic tool that allows them to monitor their patients on a regular basis — for example, a simple urine test.” the author further added, “The content of EVs in urine is extremely low, at less than 0.01 percent of the total fluid volume. This is a major barrier to their diagnostic utility. Our solution was to embed zinc oxide nanowires into a specialized polymer to create a material that we believed would be highly efficient at capturing these vesicles. Our findings suggest that the device is indeed quite efficient. We obtained a collection rate of over 99 percent, surpassing ultracentrifugation as well as other methods that are currently being used in the field.” 

To test the practicality of their device, researchers compared the microRNAs of EVs isolated from healthy patients with those isolated from patients who were already diagnosed with bladder, prostate, and other forms of cancer. The technique required only one millilitre of urine and found a substantially greater number and different types of microRNAs compared with the standard ultracentrifugation approach. 

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