Diabetes drug relieves nicotine withdrawal symptoms

A new research reveals that commonly used drugs to treat type 2 diabetes mitigate the characteristic signs of nicotine withdrawal in rats and mice.

The finding may offer an important new strategy in the battle to quit smoking.

Smokers trying to quit face potent side effects from nicotine withdrawal, including cravings, increased appetite, restlessness, anxiety, irritability and depression. Even though they may want to quit, many smokers continue to smoke simply because the experience is so unpleasant.

The diabetes drug, pioglitazone, targets a specific form of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the nucleus. This receptor, PPARg, is found in areas of the brain involved in drug addiction.

Researchers demonstrated that direct injections of pioglitazone into the hippocampi of male mice reduced the signs of physical nicotine withdrawal, including paw tremors, chattering, and head shakes. Injecting pioglitazone into the amygdala of male mice ameliorated signs of anxiety associated with nicotine withdrawal.

Nicotine abusers face 30 % higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The researchers suggest pioglitazone may help diabetic smokers quit by lessening the physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms while reducing insulin resistance.

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Drugs to Treat Type 2 Diabetes Can Lead to Heart Disease

Intake of two commonly used drugs to treat Type 2 diabetes carries a high risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure or amputation, warns a new study. The two drugs - sulfonylureas and basal insulin - are the second-line medication after metformin, a widely accepted initial Type-2 diabetes treatment.

The study, showed that patients who take one of these two drugs are more likely - 36 per cent more for sulfonylureas and twice as likely for basal insulin - to experience cardiovascular harm than those taking a newer class of diabetes drugs known as DPP-4 inhibitors. "People should know if the medications they are taking to treat their diabetes could lead to serious cardiovascular harm. This calls for a paradigm shift in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes," said the lead author of the study.

Physicians should consider prescribing newer classes of antidiabetic medications, such as GLP-1 agonists (liraglutide), SGLT-2 inhibitors (empagliflozin)or DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin), more routinely after metformin, rather than sulfonylureas or basal insulin, suggest the researchers. These drugs, however, are more expensive than the sulfonylureas, which is the main reason they are not as commonly prescribed.


The study should force medical providers to think about cardiovascular effects of these drugs early in the course of diabetes treatment, and shift prescribing patterns to newer drugs that have more favourable cardiovascular profiles, the team said. This was an observational study using data from 132,737 patients with Type 2 diabetes who were starting second-line treatment.

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Diabetes Drug Linked to Lower Risk of Heart Disease

Using liraglutide, an injectable drug widely used to lower blood sugar levels, may help reduce risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death, suggests a study.

Liraglutide is a diabetes medication in clinical use since 2009. It is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist that lowers blood sugar and reduces body weight.

The findings, showed that people who used liraglutide had five fewer major cardiovascular events for three years.

According to a senior researcher,

Our study provides support for the cardiovascular effectiveness of liraglutide among a broader unselected group of patients, providing important confirmatory evidence from routine clinical practice. We believe it may be of interest to drug regulators, clinical guidelines, physicians and patients.

Use of liraglutide was also associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular death and any cause of death.

The Study

For the study, the team used several nationwide registers with information on prescription drugs, diseases and other data from more than 46,000 patients in Sweden and Denmark between 2010 and 2016.

Around 23,000 patients initiating treatment with liraglutide were compared with the same number of patients initiating treatment with another diabetes drug, DPP4 inhibitors.

The main outcome in the study was on major cardiovascular events, defined as myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death.
The rate of major cardiovascular events was 14 per 1,000 person-years among patients using liraglutide and 15.4 per 1,000 among patients using DPP4 inhibitors, a statistically significant difference, the researchers said.

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Turmeric Is Just as Effective as These Drugs.

You are probably aware that turmeric is one of the most potent superfoods you could possibly get your hands on. But did you know that turmeric is actually roughly as potent as many kinds of medication? Keep reading to discover what kinds of medication can possibly be replaced or supplemented by turmeric:

Lipitor/Atorvastatin (cholesterol medication)
A 2008 study revealed that a standardized preparation of curcuminoids from turmeric had very similar effects to atorvastatin (trade name Lipitor) when it came to treating endothelial dysfunction, a driver for atherosclerosis. It was also associated with reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients.

Aspirin (blood thinner)
Research shows that curcumin has even more anti-platelet and prostacyclin modulating effects than aspirin. This goes to show that it could be useful to patients prone to vascular thrombosis, who often require anti-arthritis therapy.

Corticosteroids (steroid medications)
Numerous studies have found that turmeric can be just as effective as many kinds of steroids. One found that the curcumin found within turmeric compared favorably to steroids used to treat the inflammatory eye disease known as anterior uveitis. Other studies also found that chemicals found within turmeric are just as effective as steroidal drugs that tackle lung ischemia-reperfusion injuries and those that protect injuries caused by lung transplants.

Prozac/Fluoxetine & Imipramine (antidepressants)
A 2011 study  showed us that curcumin also compares favorably to both Imipramine as well as Prozac/Fluoxetine when it comes to tackling the root causes of depression.

Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Curcumin has also been found to be an effective alternative to a whole host of anti-inflammatory drugs. These include ibuprofen, aspirin, phenylbutazone, naproxen, sulindac, dexamethasone, celecoxib, indomethacin, diclofenac, and tamoxifen, particularly when it comes to exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells.

Oxaliplatin (a chemotherapy drug)
A 2007 study concluded that curcumin also compares favorably with oxaliplatin as an antiproliferative agent in colorectal cell lines, which is certainly good news for any patients who are undergoing chemotherapy.

Metformin (diabetes drug)
Curcumin has also been touted as being highly valuable in the treatment of diabetes. One study found that it suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression (which suppresses glucose production in the liver) in hepatoma cells, while simultaneously activating AMPK (which increases glucose uptake). What's more, the researchers actually discovered that curcumin is between 500 and 100,000 times more powerful than metformin in activating AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).

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Diabetes drug may work by changing gut bacteria makeup

The most successful treatment for type 2 diabetes may work by changing the makeup of gut bacteria.
Metformin is commonly prescribed to help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar. It is also being tested as an anti-aging treatment.

The drug is generally believed to work by reducing the amount of glucose made in the liver, which would in turn lower blood sugar levels. But some observations suggest this isn’t the whole story.

For instance, a slow-release version of the drug appears to be just as effective, even though only small amounts of it ever reach the liver. And metformin works just as well in people with genetic variants that stop it from getting to the liver.

 Fredrik Backhed at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Jose Manuel Fernandez-Real  at the University of Girona, Spain, wondered if gut bacteria might play a role in the drug’s action. After all, the trillions of bugs that line our intestines have been linked to a range of diseases, and are known to influence drug metabolism.

Drug-enhanced growth

The pair and their colleagues recruited 40 volunteers who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Each person was randomly assigned to take metformin or a placebo for four months. All of them were placed on a low-calorie diet.

During the study period, the collection of gut bacteria changed much more dramatically in those taking metformin. In particular, the drug seemed to encourage the growth of strains of bacteria called Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium. Lab experiments revealed that both types also grew faster in the presence of metformin.

The researchers then took stool samples from three people before and after a course of metformin and fed them to mice that were on a high-fat diet, to mimic human type 2 diabetes. The technique, known as a faecal transplant, is thought to pass beneficial bacteria from the gut of a healthy individual to a sickly one.

 Faeces taken from metformin-treated individuals seemed to improve glucose tolerance – a measure of how well animals can control blood sugar levels – in mice that received samples from two of the three donors. But faeces taken from people before their treatment had no effect on any of the mice.

Together, the results suggest that metformin at least partly works by encouraging the growth of gut bacteria such as Akkermansia, which can influence blood sugar levels. However, the researchers still don’t know how the bacteria might be doing this.

Bäckhed hopes that some people with diabetes might get similar benefits by modifying their diets to change the makeup of their gut bacteria – for example by encouraging the growth of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium.

Journal reference: Nature Medicine

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Diabetes drug may help treat breast cancer

Chinese researchers have found that a drug used to treat diabetes could be effective against a form of breast cancer.

 

Over 70,000 people die from breast cancer in China every year, according to the national cancer centre.

 

Triple-negative breast cancer is particularly aggressive among the four clinical subtypes of breast cancer, Xinhua news agency quoted Dong Chenfang, a professor at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, as saying. 

 

It has a tendency to quickly spread or metastasize to the brain and lungs. There are currently no effective targeted therapies for this form of breast cancer, which is therefore often fatal, he said. 

 

Dong and his colleagues found that the levels of a metabolic enzyme called AKR1B1 were significantly elevated in triple-negative breast cancer cells and that this was associated with increased rates of metastasis and shorter survival.

 

The researchers also found epalrestat, a drug that inhibits AKR1B1 and is approved in Japan to treat diabetic complications, was able to block the growth and metastasis of the cancer cells.

 

Dong said the finding is still in the experimental stage. 

 

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Diabetes drug may help some patients fight breast cancer

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A commonly used drug for treating type-2 diabetes may improve survival rates for some breast cancer patients, a new research has found. 

In one study, the first to examine the effect of metformin on survival rates for breast cancer patients, researchers from University of Pennsylvania in the US examined clinical outcomes for 1,215 patients who were diagnosed and underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer between 1997 and 2013. 

Ninety-seven patients examined reported using metformin before their diagnosis, and 97 reported use of the drug after diagnosis.

Results of the study showed that patients who used metformin before being diagnosed with breast cancer were more than twice as likely to die than patients who never used the drug, while patients who began using metformin after their cancer diagnosis were almost 50 per cent more likely to survive than non-users, researchers said. 

“Using metformin as a cancer prevention strategy has been controversial and results have been inconsistent, but our analysis reveals that use of the drug is time—dependent, which may explain the disparity,” said Yun Rose Li from University of Pennsylvania.

“While use of the drug may have a survival benefit for some breast cancer patients, those who developed breast cancer while already using Metformin may have more aggressive cancer subtypes,” Yun said. 

“Our study also illustrates the complex interaction between underlying metabolic risks and breast cancer outcomes, and underscore the importance of a multi-system approach to cancer treatment,” she added. 

Additional results of the study showed that patients who used metformin were more likely to be over the age of 50 at diagnosis and to be African-American, researchers said. 

In the second study, researchers examined the effectiveness of using metformin as a treatment for women newly diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia, a condition that occurs when there is a hormonally related unbalanced overgrowth of the uterine lining.

If left untreated, patients are at a significantly higher risk of developing uterine cancer. 

Eighteen participants were enrolled in a multi-institutional trial and treated with metformin for three months. 

Results showed 56 per cent of patients responded to treatment, defined as complete resolution of the hyperplasia, researchers said. 

The effect was seen especially in women with simple hyperplasia without additional complications or irregularities, they said.

Diabetes drug cuts heart failure death

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 Eli Lilly's new diabetes drug Jardiance significantly cut the risk of heart-related death and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for serious heart problems, according to data from a large study presented on Monday.

The 3-year trial of more than 7,000 patients caused a sensation in September, when Lilly and Jardiance partner Boehringer Ingelheim released preliminary data showing the drug cut deaths by 32 per cent.

Earlier, similar studies of other types of diabetes medicines were undertaken to prove they did not cause heart problems, and a neutral outcome was considered reassuring.

The new data showed Jardiance, known chemically as empagliflozin, reduced the combined risk of hospitalization for heart failure or death from heart failure by 39 per cent, compared with a placebo when added to standard treatments.

The benefits were seen in those who had heart failure at the start of the study and those who did not. Heart failure, a  progressive condition in which the heart becomes unable to pump enough blood, is a leading cause of hospitalizations and death.

"To see a (diabetes) drug that is not only beneficial overall on cardiovascular impact but also minimizes hospitalization for heart failure is quite novel and quite encouraging," said Dr. Silvio Inzucchi, who presented the data at the American Heart Association scientific meeting in Orlando. He called the results impressive and unanticipated.

People with diabetes are two to three times more likely to develop heart failure than those without diabetes, researchers said. Because about half of deaths in people with type 2 diabetes are caused by heart disease, reducing heart risk is considered essential to diabetes care.

Nearly half the patients in the study were on insulin, an indication that their diabetes was at an advanced stage.

The benefits of Jardiance appeared almost immediately, Inzucchi said.

"The event curves begin to diverge almost on day one," he said. "There seems to be something about this medication that has a very early impact."

Researchers do not know what caused the dramatic effect.

Jardiance, a once-a-day pill, belongs to a new class of treatments called SGLT2 inhibitors that remove blood sugar through the urine. The class includes Johnson & Johnson's  Invokana and AstraZeneca's Farxiga.

"Patients with advanced diabetes ... who have lots of heart disease clearly benefited from going on the drug," Inzucchi said. "We must incorporate this type of evidence into our treatment decisions."