COVID-19 vaccination: Keep these things in mind after getting jabbed

Vaccines are manufactured from the same pathogens that cause infections, and they help you develop immunity without diseasing you. 

Vaccination is a critical tool to solve the current COVID-19 crisis. By taking the COVID-19 vaccine, a person not only protects himself/herself but also his/her loved ones, his/her community and the world. India’s COVID-19 vaccination drive -- the largest in the world -- is underway, and on May 1, it was expanded to cover those above 18 years of age.

Good news is that the total number of COVID-19 vaccine shots given in the country neared the 18 crore mark on Thursday (May 14), according to the government. There are some important things that must be kept in mind after you’ve received the COVID-19 vaccine.

• Make sure that you don’t experience any immediate reactions after taking the shot. Severe reactions, immediately after the shot are rare, but a watch for them must be kept.
• Vaccines are manufactured from the same pathogens that cause infections, and they help you develop immunity without diseasing you. However, some people, after getting vaccinated, may develop minor health complications including fever, chills headache, fatigue, muscle pain and diarrhoea. Don’t panic; it is normal. But if these health problems persist for more than a few days, then get in touch with a doctor.
• Don't miss your second dose of COVID-19 vaccine after getting the first dose. Health experts say that your body generates antibody response to build effective and lasting immunity only after you take both shots of the vaccine. Therefore, they strongly advise against not taking the second shot.
• You don’t develop immunity against coronavirus infection immediately after you get your COVID-19 vaccine shot. Your body’s defense system, after you complete the two-dose vaccination, takes around two to three weeks to make you immune to the deadly pathogen. So, be patient.
• Last but the most important thing to keep in mind is that you can contract COVID-19 infection even after getting jabbed. Vaccination protects you from severe illness. Therefore, you must continue strictly adhering to COVID-appropriate behaviour.
  

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Friendly Bacteria For Developing Immune System In Newborns

The few initial years after birth are crucial for the growth and development of a newborn and play a pivotal role in his physical, emotional, and healthy well-being. At the time of birth, a newborn transition from an environment with limited exposure to bacteria in the womb, to an environment with exposure to air and surface-borne bacteria.

Bacteria!!! Sounds scary. But there are some friendly bacteria too.

Interesting facts– Over 400 species of both friendly and harmful bacteria - all microscopic in size, live in the human gut.

The Baby’s gut, with its nutrient-rich and favorable environment, nurtures beneficial bacteria to grow in number. Friendly bacteria present in our gut aids in digestion, absorption, and the production of a significant amount of B vitamins and enzymes. They produce many essential by products in the gut, which act as a barrier to the growth of harmful bacteria thus protecting against ailments and infection.

Gut is the largest immune organ as it contains 70-80% of body’s immune cells. It plays a very important role in supporting and strengthening a baby’s immunity.

Many researchers now believe that levels of friendly bacteria in the gut are influenced by prebiotics. Prebiotics, 3rd largest component of breast milk; act as energy source for the beneficial gut bacteria and help them remain alive in the gut. Increase in number of beneficial bacteria helps in reduction of potentially harmful bacteria in the body.

In short, supplementation of prebiotics, supports long-term gut health and immunity.

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Clean germ-free childhood makes children prone to leukemia

Parents go to any limit to protect their little ones from germs ! A new study, however, has highlighted that a childhood free from germs followed by infections later in life makes children prone to childhood leukemia.

This happens because of the fact that when a child is exposed to infection in their first year, their immune system gets strong.

A study finds that acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common type of childhood cancer, is caused by a two-step process.

The first step is a genetic mutation before birth that predisposes a child to the risk of developing this form of leukemia.

On the other hand, the 2nd step is exposure to certain infections later in childhood, after clean early childhoods that limited exposure to infections.

To put it simply, the researchers explained that kids who lived in very clean, germ-free condition during their first years and had less interaction with other children are prone to lymphoblastic leukemia, a form of blood cancer most often diagnosed in children between the ages 0-4 years.

It develops quickly, over days or weeks, building up in the blood and spreads to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver and nervous system.

The research strongly suggests that this cancer has a clear biological cause, and is triggered by a variety of infections in predisposed children whose immune systems have not been properly primed, said the author of the study.

The author added that the study " busts some persistent myths about the causes of leukemia, such as the damaging but unsubstantiated claims that the disease is commonly caused by exposure to electro-magnetic waves or pollution."

Preventing childhood leukemia would have a huge impact on the lives of children and their families in the UK and across the glove, said a researcher.

It's also important to remember that infections themselves can pose a significant risk for young babies with a developing immune system, said a researcher.

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Strange, Violent Dreams Could Be Trying to Warn Us About Future Brain Disease

Researchers have found an unexpected link between strange, physically violent dreaming and the risk of neurological disease, such as Parkinson's and dementia, later in life, and say they could act as an early warning sign decades before diagnosis.

It's not yet clear how definitive this link is, but the results are supported by previous research that's given patients with violent, physical dreams an 80-100 percent chance of eventually developing a neurodegenerative disorder.

These rare dream disorders, known as REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), cause people to 'act out' their dreams - kicking and punching in their sleep, while sometimes shouting and screaming, and maybe even flying out of their bed in a violent rage.

"The consensus among all RBD researchers is that it's not a matter of if, but when," sleep expert  told some time ago."Basically, the longer you follow these [patients], the more they will convert to a neurodegenerative disorder."

REM, or rapid eye movement, sleep is one of three states we typically transition through each night, and it's the only one associated with dreaming.

During REM sleep, the electrical activity of the brain actually looks quite similar to how it would look during the day, except that while the neurons are firing like they would when you're awake, the body typically experiences temporary muscle paralysis.

While this temporary paralysis does allow for some muscle twitches and mumbling if you're a sleep-talker, most people remain fairly still through this stage of sleep (sleepwalking is associated with non-REM sleep).

But if you happen to develop REM sleep behaviour disorder, your dream stage will be very different - patients often perform physical actions that match their very vivid dreams.

It's not clear what causes an onset of RBD, but it can appear at any age - and oddly enough, older men are far more susceptible than women and children (the ratio is as high as 9:1 male to female).

Neuroscientist has been investigating a link between RBD and neurological diseases that seems to keep cropping up in human studies. 

By focussing on the brainstem, which for decades has been associated with dream formation, he was able to isolate a specific group of cells that appear to be responsible for maintaining the REM sleep.

When he identified this group of cells in mice, he was able to quickly transition the animals between REM and non-REM sleep by simply turning the cells on and off.

With this in mind, he and his team looked at how this group of cells were functioning in human RBD patients, and found that they were damaged - and that's important, because this damage appears to also be linked to the onset of neurological diseases.

"For some reason, the cells in the REM sleep area are the first to be sickened, and then the neurodegenerative disease spreads up into the brain and affects the other areas that cause disorders like Parkinson's disease," he reported.

"REM Behaviour Disorder is in fact the best-known predictor of the onset of Parkinson's disease."

While his results are only preliminary and not yet peer-reviewed, they are similar to those of previous studies - and unfortunately for RBD patients, they percentages are incredibly high.

In one 2013 study involving 44 RBD patients, researchers found that 82 percent of them had developed neurological disorders within 10 years of observation.
  
In another published  that same year, of the 26 RBD patients studied, 80.8 percent ended up developing Parkinson's or dementia. 

A study from 2010 found that 41 of their 43 RBD patients (95 percent) had developed a range of neurological disorders.

The majority had a progressive neurodegenerative disorder called multiple system atrophy (MSA), and a previous study in 2007 saw 100 percent of its MSA patients diagnosed with RBD.

Now, he says his study has not only supported these high percentages, but by identifying damage in the brain stem cell group as the trigger for neurological disorders, he's " taken away the correlation to show causality".

"We observed that more than 80 percent of people who suffer from REM sleep disorder eventually develop synucleinopathies [neurological disorders], such as Parkinson's Disease and Lewy bodies dementia,"he says in a press statement.

"Our research suggests sleep disorders may be an early warning sign for diseases that may appear some 15 years later in life."

While more research is needed to figure out what exactly is going on here, it's at least given us one pretty solid indication of the kinds of bad dreams we should be worrying about.

For the rest of us who don't physically act out our dreams? The Jury is still out on that.



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Our vision keeps developing until late 30s or early 40s

We all know that our vision matures in the first few years of life, but a new study has found that the visual cortex, the human brain's vision-processing centre keeps developing until some time in the late 30s or early 40s.

Researchers examined post-mortem brain-tissue samples from 30 people ranging in age from 20 days to 80 years for the study.

The finding showed that the visual cortex of the brain reaches maturity until about age 36, plus or minus 4.5 years.

The finding was a surprise to the researchers, who had expected to find that the cortex reached its mature stage by 5 to 6 years, consistent with previous results from animal samples and with prevailing scientific and medical belief.

Lead researcher said, "There's a big gap in our understanding of how our brains function."

Prof. said,"Our idea of sensory areas developing in childhood and then being static is part of the challenge. It's not correct."

Treatment for conditions such as amblyopia or "lazy eye", for example, have been based on the idea that only children could benefit from corrective therapies, since it was thought that treating young adults would be pointless because they had passed the age when their brains could respond, he said.

Though the research is isolated to the visual cortex, it suggests that other areas of the brain may also be much more plastic for much longer than previously thought.



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Stress may cause gastrointestinal issues in autistic kids

Stress may cause kids with autism to develop gastrointestinal issues, according to a new study that may pave the way for therapies to treat the condition. 

"We know that it is common for individuals with autism to have a more intense reaction to stress and some of these patients seem to experience frequent constipation, abdominal pain or other gastrointestinal issues," said David Beversdorf, associate professor from the University of Missouri in the US. 

"To better understand why, we looked for a relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and the immune markers responsible for stress response," said Beversdorf. 

"We found a relationship between increased cortisol response to stress and these symptoms," he said. 

Cortisol is a hormone released by the body in times of stress and one of its functions is to prevent the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. 

These inflammatory substances - known as cytokines - have been associated with autism, gastrointestinal issues and stress. 

Researchers studied 120 individuals with autism who were treated at MU and Vanderbilt University in the US. 

The individuals parents completed a questionnaire to assess their childrens gastrointestinal symptoms, resulting in 51 patients with symptoms and 69 without gastrointestinal symptoms. 

To elicit a stress response, individuals took a 30-second stress test. Cortisol samples were gathered through participants saliva before and after the test. 

The researchers found that the individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms had greater cortisol in response to the stress than the participants without gastrointestinal symptoms. 

"When treating a patient with autism who has constipation and other lower gastrointestinal issues, physicians may give them a laxative to address these issues," said Beversdorf. 

"Our findings suggest there may be a subset of patients for which there may be other contributing factors," he said.

"More research is needed, but anxiety and stress reactivity may be an important factor when treating these patients," Beversdorf added.
The study appears in the journal Brain, Behaviour, and Immunity.

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Protein in urine may up risk of dementia

The analysis showed that people with protein -- also known as called albuminuria or proteinuria -- in the urine were 35 per cent more likely to develop cognitive impairment or dementia than people who did not have protein in their urine.

 People who have protein in their urine — a marker of kidney problems — could also be at higher risk of developing problems with thinking and memory skills or even dementia, a study has found.

“Kidney dysfunction has been considered a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment or dementia,” said Kay Deckers from Maastricht University in the Netherlands.

The analysis showed that people with protein — also known as called albuminuria or proteinuria — in the urine were 35 per cent more likely to develop cognitive impairment or dementia than people who did not have protein in their urine.

“Protein in the urine was associated with a modestly increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia,” Deckers said.
“Chronic kidney disease and dementia share many risk factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol, and both show similar effects on the brain, so they may have shared vascular factors or there may even be a direct effect on the brain from kidney problems,” he added.

In addition to analysis on albuminuria or proteinuria, the team also observed other markers of kidney function, known as glomerular filtration rate — best test to measure your level of kidney function and determine stage of kidney disease.
The results were found to be mixed and did not show an association with cognitive impairment or dementia.

For the study, published online in the journal Neurology, the team conducted a meta-analysis of 22 studies on the topic, including 27,805 people.
  
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Venom from deadly Asian snake may help develop improved painkillers

Venom derived from the long-glanded blue coral snake - one of Southeast Asia's rarest and deadliest snakes - may help develop better painkiller that could help manage pain without the side effect of addiction.

The snake with electric blue stripes and neon-red head and tail grows up to two metres long. Its venom glands extend to 60 centimetres about a quarter of its body length.

Described as "the killer of killers" due to its taste for young king cobras, this snake is unique among snakes because, like scorpions, its venom causes its prey to spasm.

"This venom hits a particular type of sodium channel that is important for the treatment of pain in humans," said Bryan Fry, from the University of Queensland in Australia.

Researchers identified six unusual peptides in the venom of the blue coral snake that can switch on all of its prey's nerves at once. This  immediately immobilises its victim.

The found that the venom used receptors which were critical to pain in humans. Learning how these work may enable improved pain treatment and management, the 'Sydney Morning Herald' reported.

"It's a great example of why studying the really weird animals is a great path for bio-discovery and you can't get any weirder than this snake with the longest venom glands in the world," Fry said.

The findings were published in the journal Toxins.

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Venom derived from the long-glanded blue coral snake - one of Southeast Asia's rarest and deadliest snakes - may help develop better painkiller that could help manage pain without the side effect of addiction.

The snake with electric blue stripes and neon-red head and tail grows up to two metres long. Its venom glands extend to 60 centimetres about a quarter of its body length.

Described as "the killer of ki ..

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