Saturday, May 23, 2026

9 Simple Lifestyle Tweaks That Prevent Blood Clots

A dangerous blood clot (or thrombus) is a clump of blood that forms inside a blood vessel. These blood clots can limit blood supply to parts of the body or travel to the heart, lungs, and brain - both of which can be extremely dangerous or even life-threatening. 

Blood clotting is an essential bodily function that helps us stop bleeding and heal cuts and injuries. Unfortunately, the very same process is behind dangerous blood clots, which explains why anyone can develop a blood clot. Preventing blood clots is beneficial and advised for all of us - and here are 9 simple lifestyle changes that will help you achieve that goal. 

Who can develop blood clots and why?
Even though anyone can have a blood clot, medical researchers point out that certain people are at a greater risk of developing a dangerous thrombus. Usually, people who experience a blood clot have a few of the following common risk factors: 

- Age. Blood clots are more widespread in people over age 65. 

- Genetics and population. Pregnant women, people with all blood types apart from O, people with specific hereditary conditions, and black people are more likely to have blood clots.

- Underlying health conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and even past COVID-19 make you more likely to get a blood clot. 

- Medications. Birth control and hormonal therapies can increase your risk of blood clots. 

- Surgery and trauma can leave people immobile for long periods of time, which can further increase the risk of getting a blood clot. 

- Travel. Long flights or drives lead to prolonged sitting, which can increase one’s risk of developing a blood clot by 2-4 times in the following weeks. 

We discuss these specific categories in the article Are You at Risk of a Blood Clot? in greater detail. A blood clot stuck in a blood vessel can lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), stroke, or pulmonary embolism - which can be potentially life-threatening. 

Symptoms of a blood clot vary depending on the location of the blood clot and range from asymptomatic to pain, difficulty breathing, chest pain, numbness in the face or arms, and coughing up blood. For a comprehensive review of symptoms, go here - Symptoms of a Dangerous Blood Clot. It doesn't matter if you’ve already experienced a blood clot in the past or just want to prevent it because you’re at a higher risk of developing one, here are some simple habits you can incorporate into your daily routine that will help stave off blood clots.

1. Wear loose-fitting clothes, socks, or footwear.

Tight-fitting garments, especially pants and clothes that constrict the waist, as well as socks and footwear can cut off circulation to your lower body. Since blood clots most commonly form in the veins of the legs, ensuring good circulation is key for preventing blood clots. 

As for those who have a history of thrombosis, compression socks, sleeves, and stockings may be beneficial for preventing a blood clot from forming or moving to the lungs. This compression clothing is fitted in a way that reduces swelling and improves blood circulation. 

2. Elevate your legs while sleeping or occasionally. 

Hiking your legs up to the height of 6 inches (15 cm) above the level of your heart is a simple and effective way to prevent blood clots, especially if you’re at risk of developing a thrombus. Elevating your legs will help keep your circulation going even in your sleep. You can use a special pillow to raise your legs, or simply put a stack of books under your mattress. 

Sleeping with your legs elevated can also reduce swelling in the legs and feet and relieve the discomfort that accompanies poor blood circulation and swelling. If sleeping with legs raised is not your thing, you can also elevate your legs occasionally, like when you’re watching TV on the couch or reading something. 

3. Hydration is key.
Dehydration can thicken blood, which may cause a blood clot to form or break off. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water - enough for your urine to be pale yellow or almost clear in color. It may be somewhat unsavory to read or track the color of urine, but it’s truly the best objective way to make sure that you’re well-hydrated.

A review article published in The Journal of Nutrition also suggests that drinking purple grape juice or red wine in moderation can help prevent blood platelets from becoming stuck to each other - all thanks to their high antioxidant (polyphenol) content.

4. Try not to bump or hurt your legs and try not to cross them. 

 Have you bumped your knee lately? If so, you may have noticed some bruising. Well, guess what? That bruise is a blood clot too, but don’t worry - it’s likely not the dangerous kind. In people who have a high risk of thrombosis, seemingly injuries like banging your leg real hard against a table or just the habit of sitting with your legs crossed for a long time can cause a dangerous blood clot. 

So try to be careful with the way you sit and move the furniture around a bit if there’s a specific table or couch that keeps giving you bruises. 

5. Do not sit or stand for extended periods of time.

The lack of movement and activity is a serious widespread issue, especially for those who have a higher risk of developing a blood clot. On its own, inactivity can cause a thrombus, so try to move around as much as you can, even if you suffer from a health condition that limits your movement or have a job that requires you to sit at a desk all day or travel long distances. 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend moving around and stretching your legs every 2-3 hours as a way to prevent a blood clot. You can also do leg exercises, such as lifting one foot at a time or rotating your ankles, to wake up the legs and improve blood circulation. On a similar note, the CDC advises that you take breaks and move around every hour or so when you’re traveling for more than 4 hours. 

6. Use garlic liberally.

If you enjoy seasoning your food with garlic, you’re in luck, as this humble root vegetable has a number of health benefits. Importantly for the topic at hand, research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry suggests that garlic can help dissolve clusters of platelets that could develop into blood clots. Carefully crush a fresh clove of garlic with the side of the knife to release the beneficial nutrients and flavor, and simply add the garlic to any dish.

7. Stay physically active

Regular exercise or any physical activity is probably the best way to prevent a blood clot from forming. Exercising your lower legs, in particular, helps maintain healthy circulation. The only thing to keep in mind if you have a high risk of thrombosis is exercise intensity. 

If you have been inactive for a prolonged period of time, don’t just to an intensive workout schedule right away. Start with light or moderate activities. Otherwise, you could risk loosening a blood clot that’s already formed. 

8. Go easy on the salt. 

High salt consumption can increase blood clotting because it impairs the functioning of the endothelium - the inner lining of blood vessels. Studies suggest that people who eat more salt also have a higher risk of developing thrombosis. Therefore, watching your sodium intake closely and making sure that you don’t eat more than the recommended 1 teaspoon of salt (2,300 mg) a day is a crucial aspect of preventing a blood clot. 

9. If you smoke, it’s time to stop.
Last but definitely not least - consider quitting if you smoke. Research suggests that smoking conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes dramatically increases the risk of experiencing a dangerous blood clot. So, ditching this harmful habit will help your odds considerably (apart from lowering your risk of a dozen or more other dangerous health conditions). 

We hope that you found this information helpful. Please note that all of these habits are supplemental to your wellbeing and not a replacement for medications prescribed by a doctor. Given the serious risks blood clots pose to health, we strongly advise that you consult a professional if you experience any symptoms of blood clots.


This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for food, medicines, exercises and so on.   



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Thursday, July 24, 2025

Learn How to Diagnose and Treat a Skin Bump

Skin lumps, also known as lipomas, are any areas of skin that have become abnormally raised, either on the surface or protruding from underneath. Somebody with a lipoma has an abnormal lump, ulcer, bump or sore, and it might also be an abnormally colored area on the skin's surface. Common skin lumps include warts, moles, actinic keratosis, and skin infections. While some may be a cause for concern, many types of skin lumps are benign. Keep reading to learn more about them.


lipoma

The symptoms of lipoma

 There are various kinds of skin lipomas, but they usually have distinct characteristics. They are most commonly found on the back, neck, and shoulders, but may also appear on thighs, arms or your abdomen. If you suspect that you have one it will usually:

*be pale and colorless 
 
• grow slowly 
 
• be soft to the touch 
 
• be located just under your skin 
 
• move easily when prodded

The Risk Factors of a Lipoma While the cause of lipoma development is still unknown, there are a number of risk factors that can increase your susceptibility: 
• a family history of lipomas 
• being aged between 40 and 60 
• Cowden syndrome 
• Gardner's syndrome 
• Madelung's disease 
• adiposis dolorosa 
 
Diagnosing a Lipoma 
Lipomas are usually diagnosed through a physical exam. It should move easily when touched, feel soft and pain-free. Sometimes, a dermatologist may take a biopsy of the skin bump to send to the lab for testing and to rule out the possibility of cancer. This is done because a lipoma looks quite similar to a liposarcoma which actually is cancerous, but is usually painful and quick-growing. Further tests though CT scans and MRI are usually only needed when there is a suspicion of a liposarcoma.

Treating a Lipoma  
A lipoma that’s left untouched will not typically cause any problems. However, you can get it removed if it is bothering you or getting in the way of your day-to-day activities. The 3 most common treatment options are: 
 
Steroid injections - By injecting steroids into the affected area, the lipoma should drastically shrink, however it will not be removed entirely. 
 
Liposuction - This procedure works by sucking the fat out of a lipoma in order to reduce its size. 
 
Surgery - The most common procedure is to simply have the entire lipoma surgically removed. Once this takes place, the chance of it growing back is slim. 
 
The Outlook For Someone With a Lipoma 
Since a lipoma is a benign tumor, there is no real risk of one suddenly turning cancerous. Additionally, it will never spread through any surrounding tissues or muscles, and it certainly is not life-threatening. All in all, the outlook for someone with a lipoma is incredibly positive.
 
 

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   

 

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Wednesday, March 06, 2024

Understanding and Preventing Deep Vein Thrombosis

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, typically in the legs. This can lead to pain, swelling, and in severe cases, can cause clots to break free and travel to vital organs, such as the lungs, leading to life-threatening complications. Recognizing the factors that increase the risk of DVT and adopting preventive measures is crucial for maintaining vascular health.

Risk Factors for DVT  
Here are the factors that can elevate your risk of developing DVT: 
 
Previous Blood Clot: Individuals who have experienced DVT are at a heightened risk of recurrence. 
 
Family History: A genetic predisposition to DVT is significant. The risk is further amplified if both parents have a history of the condition. 
 
Age: The likelihood of DVT increases with age, particularly for those over 40. 
 
Prolonged Immobility: Extended periods of immobility, such as bed rest due to hospitalization or long-duration flights, can significantly increase the risk of DVT. When muscles are not active, blood flow in the deep veins of the legs slows down, making it easier for clots to form. This is why it's crucial to take breaks, move around, and stretch regularly during prolonged sitting or when confined to a bed or chair for extended periods. 
 
Gender and Age: Men aged between 45 and 60 are slightly more susceptible to DVT. However, women's risk may increase during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. 
 
Genetic Factors: Genetic predispositions play a significant role in the risk of developing DVT. Conditions such as Factor V Leiden mutation increase the blood's tendency to clot. While a single genetic factor may not cause DVT on its own, in combination with other risks, it can significantly increase the likelihood of clot formation. Knowing family history and discussing genetic testing with a healthcare provider can help assess and manage this risk. 
 
Pregnancy and Hormone Therapy: Elevated estrogen levels during pregnancy or from hormone-based medications can increase clotting risk. Apart from pregnancy, other conditions and medications that alter hormone levels can also elevate DVT risk. This includes hormone replacement therapy and certain types of birth control. The increased estrogen can make the blood more prone to clotting. It's essential for individuals undergoing these treatments to consult with their healthcare providers about their specific risk and possible preventive measures. 
 
Clotting Disorders: Inherent blood clotting disorders can lead to abnormally thick blood.

Obesity: Obesity is a significant risk factor for DVT. Excess weight, especially around the abdomen, can exert additional pressure on the veins in the pelvis and legs, impeding blood flow back to the heart. This can lead to blood pooling and clot formation. Furthermore, obesity alters the chemical composition of the blood, increasing its propensity to clot. Managing weight through diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of DVT and improve overall health. 
 
Health Conditions: Diseases like heart disease, lung disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer can elevate DVT risk. 
 
Injury or Surgery: Physical trauma, such as a bone fracture or muscle injury, can damage blood vessels and lead to clot formation. Similarly, surgeries, particularly those involving the abdomen, pelvis, hip, or legs, can increase the risk of DVT due to immobility during recovery and potential damage to blood vessels. Taking preventive measures, such as using compression stockings or medication for blood thinning as recommended by healthcare providers, can help reduce this risk. 
 
Chronic diseases: Certain chronic conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease, can increase the risk of DVT. These diseases can alter blood flow, contribute to inflammation, and affect the blood's ability to clot. For instance, cancer and its treatments can increase clotting factors in the blood, while heart disease can lead to reduced mobility and blood flow. Managing these conditions with the guidance of healthcare professionals is crucial for minimizing DVT risk. 
 
Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) not only disrupt the digestive tract but also contribute to a systemic inflammatory response. This state of heightened inflammation can increase the risk of blood clot formation. Managing inflammation through appropriate treatments and lifestyle changes is crucial.


Strategies to Lower DVT Risk  
While some risk factors for DVT cannot be modified, several strategies can help mitigate the risk:
 
 Avoid Prolonged Immobility: Stand, stretch, or walk at least every 2 hours. Perform simple leg exercises even while seated. If you work at a desk or engage in activities that require sitting for extended periods, integrate short breaks into your routine. Use a timer as a reminder to stand up or stretch every hour. Even minimal movements, such as ankle circles or foot pumps, can stimulate blood flow in your legs.


Post-Surgery Mobility: After surgery, particularly operations involving the abdomen, pelvis, hip, or legs, it's crucial to start moving as soon as medically advised. Gentle exercises, like ankle pumps, knee bends, and leg lifts, can be performed even in bed. These movements help in maintaining circulation and preventing blood clots. 
 
Medical Consultation: Discuss with a healthcare provider about the potential need for blood thinners or compression stockings if at high risk. 
 
Travel Precautions: During long flights or car rides, make it a point to stand or walk around every couple of hours. Choose seats that offer more legroom when possible, and perform seated exercises like foot lifts or knee bends. Wearing loose, comfortable clothing and staying hydrated are essential, while avoiding alcohol and caffeine, which can lead to dehydration. 
 
Stay Active: Regular physical activity is beneficial for overall health and plays a key role in preventing DVT. Activities like walking, swimming, or cycling improve circulation and vein health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Even those with limited mobility can find suitable exercises to keep blood flowing efficiently. 
 
Health Management: Addressing obesity, quitting smoking, and managing chronic diseases are crucial steps in reducing DVT risk. 
 
Lifestyle Adjustments: For individuals who are overweight, losing weight can significantly reduce the pressure on veins in the legs and improve blood flow. Quitting smoking is also crucial, as smoking affects blood circulation and increases the risk of clotting. Managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease through medication, diet, and exercise is vital in reducing the risk of DVT.
 
Proactive Health Checks: For those with a high risk of DVT, regular check-ups and screenings can be lifesaving. This includes monitoring for any signs of clotting disorders, reviewing medication impacts, and assessing the need for preventive measures like compression garments or anticoagulants.


This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   

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https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement
https://cancersupportindia.blogspot.com  for infor on cancer and health related topics
https://GSiyers home remedies.blogspot.com   is the latest addition to my blogs. I'm going to add posts there, do give me your valuable feed back on my blogs. Thanks a lot, take care, be healthy and be happy.

 

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Wednesday, March 08, 2023

Childhood Cancers: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Late-effects

Cancer is a complex disease that can affect anyone at any age. However, there are some differences between childhood cancers and adult cancers, including the types of cancers that they tend to get, the way they are diagnosed and treated, and the long-term effects they may face. In this blog, we will discuss the differences between childhood and adult cancers and the treatments available.

Treating childhood cancers to get the best outcomes

Childhood Cancers vs Adult Cancers

Childhood cancers are those that occur in individuals under the age of 18. The most common types of childhood cancers include leukaemia, brain and spinal cord tumours, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, and lymphoma. The causes of childhood cancers are not well understood, although some genetic and environmental factors may play a role.

In contrast, adult cancers are those that occur in individuals above the age of 18. The most common types of adult cancers include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and bladder cancer. These cancers are more common in older adults and are often caused by lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor diet.

Common Types of Cancers in Children:

Unlike cancers in adults, childhood cancers are not a result of lifestyle or environmental risk factors. In rare conditions, childhood cancers are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited from the parents. The types of cancers a child will develop are different from adult cancers. Some of the common childhood cancers are:

Leukaemia: Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow. It is the most common type of childhood cancer, and according to the American Cancer Society, it accounts for about 28% of all childhood cancers. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) are the two primary types of leukaemia.

Symptoms of Leukaemia in Children: 

  • Tiredness and weakness
  • Pale skin
  • Bleeding and bruising
  • Persistent Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Bone and joint pain

Brain and Spinal Cord Tumours: Brain and spinal cord tumours are the second most common type of childhood cancer, accounting for about 26% of all childhood cancers. These tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect a child’s cognitive functions.

Symptoms of Brain Cancer in Children:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Frequent headaches
  • Blurred or double vision
  • Cognitive problems like difficulty thinking, concentrating or handling things
  • Seizures

Neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma is cancer that starts in immature nerve cells and affects children below the age of 10. It can occur anywhere in the body but it usually starts in the abdomen. It is the third most common type of childhood cancer, accounting for about 6% of all childhood cancers.

Symptoms of Neuroblastoma in Children:

  • Swelling of the abdomen
  • Bone pains
  • Persistent fever

Wilms Tumour: Wilms tumour is a cancer of the kidneys (also called nephroblastoma) and is most commonly found in children under the age of 5. It is the fourth most common type of childhood cancer, accounting for about 5% of all childhood cancers.

Symptoms of Wilms Tumour in Children:

  • Swelling or lump in the abdomen
  • Nausea
  • Poor appetite
  • Persistent fever
  • Pain

Lymphoma: It is a cancer of the immune cells called lymphocytes. It usually starts in lymph nodes and can also affect the bone marrow and other organs. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are the two main categories of lymphoma. 

Symptoms of Lymphoma in Children:

  • Lumps or swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin.
  • Tiredness
  • Excessive sweating
  • Tiredness
  • Persistent fever

Rhabdomyosarcoma: Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles or connective tissue. It is most commonly found in the areas of the head and neck, groin, abdomen, pelvis, or hands and legs.

Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children:

  • Swelling or presence of lumps
  • Pain

Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is cancer that develops in the retina, the part of the eye that senses light and gives vision. It is most commonly found in children under the age of 5.

Symptoms of Retinoblastoma in Children:

  • Pupil usually appears red when we flash a light on the eye. But in kids with retinoblastoma, the pupil appears white or pink.

Bone Cancers: Bone cancers usually begin in the bones and often affect older children and teens. The two main types of bone cancers that occur in children are Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma.

Symptoms of Bone Cancers in Children:

  • Bone pain that persists or worsens, mainly at night or after any activity.
  • Swelling around the bone areas

While childhood cancers are rare, they can have a significant impact on a child’s health and well-being. It is important for their parents to be aware of the signs and symptoms of various childhood cancers and to seek medical attention if they observe any. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome and minimize the long-term effects of treatment.

Diagnosis of Childhood Cancers:

The diagnosis of childhood cancers and adult cancers also differ. Childhood cancers are often diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. 

Treatment for Childhood Cancers:

Treatment for childhood cancers usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Since children’s bodies are still developing, it is crucial to choose less intense treatments to minimize the side effects and preserve their long-term health. Whereas adults can withstand intense treatments as their immune systems are developed. A paediatric oncologist is a primary doctor who specialises in treating childhood cancers. The choice of treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the child’s age, overall health, and other factors. 

Available Treatment Options:

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be administered intravenously or orally. It is often the first treatment option for childhood cancers because most children respond well to chemo.

Surgery: Surgery may be used to remove tumours and some surrounding healthy tissue. In certain cases, surgery alone may be sufficient as a treatment. In other cases, surgery may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation is utilised in radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells. It is often given in combination with chemotherapy or surgery. Radiotherapy is chosen in rare cases because it may affect other healthy parts of the younger ones. Doctors maximum try to avoid it to prevent late and long-term side effects for children.

Other Treatment Options:

Bone marrow or stem cell transplant: A bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant may be recommended for certain types of childhood cancers, such as leukaemia or lymphoma. This treatment involves replacing damaged bone marrow with a healthy one. It is done after a specific number of chemotherapy cycles.

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a new treatment option that utilises the body’s immune system to combat cancer. It can be used to treat certain types of childhood cancers, such as neuroblastoma. It is a new treatment modality and several clinical trials are ongoing to find out more about the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy.

Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets specific molecules or proteins in cancer cells. It can be used to treat certain types of childhood cancers, such as leukaemia and neuroblastoma. It is also a new treatment modality but is clinically proven to give successful outcomes in many cases.

The treatment of childhood cancers can be challenging, and it often requires a team of healthcare providers, including pediatric oncologists, medical oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists. In addition to medical treatment, children with cancer may also benefit from psychological and emotional support, as well as educational support to help them stay on track with their schooling during treatment.

Long-Term Effects After Childhood Cancer Treatment

Long-term side effects occur only if proper care is not taken on the part of the treatment team or on the part of the parents. The long-term effects on children after their cancer treatment can be more severe than in adults. These may include fertility problems, growth and development issues, and an increased risk of secondary cancers later in life. 

It is important to note that the long-term effects of cancer treatment can be specific depending on the type of treatment received and the location of the body treated. For example, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause long-term damage to a child’s developing organs, leading to cognitive impairment, growth problems, and an increased risk of secondary cancers. For this reason, children who have been treated for cancer should receive ongoing monitoring and follow-up care to ensure their long-term health and well-being.

Ask the Doctor About Your Child’s Cancer

  • Who should be involved in my child’s treatment team?
  • When will my child recover?
  • How I can take care of my child at home?
  • Are there any alarming signs I should watch for?
  • When should I seek emergency help?

Also, don’t forget to opt for customised diet plans from a registered oncology nutritionist. This can help your kid to cope with cancer treatments and side effects while nurturing the body with enough nutrients.

Take away:

Childhood cancers and adult cancers have different causes, diagnostic procedures, treatment options, and long-term effects. Childhood cancers are rare and often require specialised treatment to minimize the impact of treatment on a child’s developing body. Both childhood and adult cancer survivors may experience long-term effects of treatment. So, ongoing care and monitoring with regular follow-ups are necessary. It is also essential to get a personalised treatment that addresses individual needs and minimizes the long-term impact of treatment.


This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   

https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
 
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
 
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement

https://GSiyers home remedies.blogspot.com     is my latest addition to my blogs. I'm going to add posts there, do give me your valuable feed back on my blogs. Thanks a lot, take care, be healthy and be happy.

 

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