Foul air may affect foetal heart development

Pregnant mothers exposed to particulate matters may experience damage to the developing cardiovascular system in their foetuses, finds a study. Exposures to these microscopic materials early in the gestation period significantly impact foetal heart development, especially the main artery and the umbilical vein. 

A single exposure during the third trimester could restrict maternal and foetal blood flow, resulting in further consequences throughout the child's adulthood, the study said. Late exposures mostly impact the foetal size as it restricts blood flow from the mother and deprives the foetus of nutrients in the final stages.

"Pregnant women should also consider monitoring their indoor air quality," said a researcher. What a mother inhales affects her circulatory system, which is constantly adapting to supply adequate blood flow to the fetus as it grows.

"These findings suggest that pregnant women, women of child-bearing age and those undergoing fertility treatments should avoid areas with high air pollution or stay indoors on high-smog days," said the author. Air pollution exposure constricts blood vessels, restricts blood flow to the uterus and deprives the foetus of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in delayed growth and development.

It can also lead to common pregnancy complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, he explained. The study, looked at how the circulatory systems of pregnant rats' fetuses on a single exposure to nanosized titanium dioxide aerosols -- a surrogate for particles found in typical air pollution -- during their first, second and third trimesters.

The results were compared to pregnant rats that were exposed to high-efficiency filtered air. In non-pregnant animals, even a single exposure to these nanoparticles was linked to impaired function of the arteries in the uterus.

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People living in India experience the health problems associated with ageing at an early stage than those living in Japan or Switzerland, according to a first-of-its-kind study published in The Lancet Public Health. Researchers at the University of Washington in the US and colleagues found that a 30-year gap separates countries with the highest and lowest ages at which people experience the health problems of a 65-year-old.

They found 76-year-olds in Japan and Switzerland, and 46-year ..

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Infants with cleft lips can lead normal life if treated on time

Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when the tissues that form the roof of the mouth and the upper lip fail to fuse from one or both sides.

The problem can range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and the nose. This deformation affects the way the child’s face looks, Parent India magazine reported.

Children with cleft palate are unable to maintain negative pressure in their oral cavity and, therefore, face difficulty in sucking. They may have nasal regurgitation, choking, gagging and might intake too much air while sucking the nipples.

Appreciatively, cleft lip can now be successfully treated by surgery with minimal scarring, especially if conducted during early childhood.

This surgery is performed on babies as early as three to six months. In difficult cases with very wide clefts, PSIO (Pre Surgical Infant Orthopaedics) is practised at some centres to facilitate cleft lip closure and present post-operative stretching of scars. Scar less surgery of the cleft lip is a possibility with foetal surgery on intrauterine babies.

Closure of the cleft palate is done in babies between the age group of 12 and 18 months, i.e. before they acquire speech. This prevents the development of abnormal adaptive speech patterns in the child which are difficult to rectify. When it comes to minimal corrections, they are attempted at the time of lip repair to present progression of deformity. In case of gross deformity, rhinoplasty is performed before the child goes to school.

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Many Heart Defects Aren't Inherited

At least 10 percent of severe genetic heart defects are caused by new gene mutations that were not passed down from patients' parents, a new study finds.

Congenital heart disease is the most common form of birth defect and occurs in nearly 1 percent of newborns.

"These findings provide new insight into the causes of this common congenital disease," senior study author

The team analysed the genes of more than 1,800 people and identified hundreds of mutations that can cause congenital heart disease. In particular, the investigators found that frequent mutations occurred in genes that affect what's known as histones. Histones are proteins that package DNA in the cell's nucleus and control the timing and activation of genes that may be key to foetal development. 

"Most interestingly, the set of genes mutated in congenital heart disease unexpectedly overlapped with genes and pathways mutated in autism,"  said the Dr. "These findings suggest there may be common pathways that underlie a wide range of common congenital diseases."

"This is an important piece of the puzzle that gives us a clearer picture of the causes of congenital heart disease,"  said the Dr.