Here is why you get that horrible headache after crying

Do you know the reason?

Crying is a natural phenomenon. People often cry after watching a sad movie or while dealing with an overwhelming situation at home or work. It is a natural way of letting your emotions out. But sometimes shedding those tears can lead to several post-cry symptoms like puffy eyes, runny nose, red face, and worst of all, a nasty headache. The throbbing pain in the head can be difficult to deal with and can make the entire situation worse. But have you ever wondered why your head hurts so badly after crying hard?

The connection between crying and headache

Those nasty headaches after crying are quite common and everyone must have experienced it once in a lifetime. As per scientists, it might be triggered due to stress and anxiety, caused due to intense emotions. The emotional-buildup causes the body to release hormones like cortisol, which stimulate neurotransmitters in the brain, causing physical reactions such as crying, headaches, and runny noses. However, we only experience pain when we shed tears due to negative emotions.

It has been noticed that when we cry after some positive event like winning a game, we do not have to deal with this post-cry symptom.

As per researches, when people cry after chopping onions or when they are happy, they do not experience any kind of pain.

Types of headache

Crying can trigger different kinds of headaches and the three most common ones are:
Tension headaches: Tension headache is most common of all. It happens when the muscles in the head stretch and tightens. It can also cause pain and discomfort in the neck and shoulders.
Migraine headaches: Migraine headache is different from other types of headaches. In this, a person experiences intense and throbbing pain only on any one side of the head. It is often accompanied by other symptoms like nausea, vomiting and light and sound sensitivity. You can get migraine pain only if you are prone to it.
Sinus headaches: Our eyes, nose, ears, and throat are all connected internally. So, crying for long can also affect our sinuses as our ducts drain into sinus passages. When the tears and mucus build-up, it puts pressure on the forehead, causing a headache. 

Treatments

Headaches are generally mild and go away on its own after a while. But if you are not able to handle it here are somethings you can try for relief.
-Rest for a while in a calm ad dark place.
-Apply heat or cold pack to your neck or eyes
-Drink Ginger tea
-Drink lots of water
-Take some over-the-counter medicines
-Eat some magnesium-rich food

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     

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Neuroscientists Reveal How the Brain Selectively Remembers New Places

When you enter a room, your brain is bombarded with sensory information. If the room is a place you know well, most of this information is already stored in long-term memory. However, if the room is unfamiliar to you, your brain creates a new memory of it almost immediately.

MIT neuroscientists have now discovered how this occurs. A small region of the brainstem, known as the locus coeruleus, is activated in response to novel sensory stimuli, and this activity triggers the release of a flood of dopamine into a certain region of the hippocampus to store a memory of the new location.

“We have the remarkable ability to memorize some specific features of an experience in an entirely new environment, and such ability is crucial for our adaptation to the constantly changing world,” says Susumu Tonegawa, the Picower Professor of Biology and Neuroscience and director of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory.

“This study opens an exciting avenue of research into the circuit mechanism by which behaviorally relevant stimuli are specifically encoded into long-term memory, ensuring that important stimuli are stored preferentially over incidental ones,” adds Tonegawa, the senior author of the study.

Akiko Wagatsuma, a former MIT research scientist, is the lead author of the study. 

New places
In a study published about 15 years ago, Tonegawa’s lab found that a part of the hippocampus called the CA3 is responsible for forming memories of novel environments. They hypothesized that the CA3 receives a signal from another part of the brain when a novel place is encountered, stimulating memory formation.

They believed this signal to be carried by chemicals known as neuromodulators, which influence neuronal activity. The CA3 receives neuromodulators from both the locus coeruleus (LC) and a region called the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is a key part of the brain’s reward circuitry. The researchers decided to focus on the LC because it has been shown to project to the CA3 extensively and to respond to novelty, among many other functions.

The LC responds to an array of sensory input, including visual information as well as sound and odor, then sends information on to other brain areas, including the CA3. To uncover the role of LC-CA3 communication, the researchers genetically engineered mice so that they could block the neuronal activity between those regions by shining light on neurons that form the connection.

To test the mice’s ability to form new memories, the researchers placed the mice in a large open space that they had never seen before. The next day, they placed them in the same space again. Mice whose LC-CA3 connections were not disrupted spent much less time exploring the space on the second day, because the environment was already familiar to them. However, when the researchers interfered with the LC-CA3 connection during the first exposure to the space, the mice explored the area on the second day just as much as they had on the first. This suggests that they were unable to form a memory of the new environment.

The LC appears to exert this effect by releasing the neuromodulator dopamine into the CA3 region, which was surprising because the LC is known to be a major source of norepinephrine to the hippocampus. The researchers believe that this influx of dopamine helps to boost CA3’s ability to strengthen synapses and form a memory of the new location.

They found that this mechanism was not required for other types of memory, such as memories of fearful events, but appears to be specific to memory of new environments. The connections between the LC and CA3 are necessary for long-term spatial memories to form in CA3.

“The selectivity of successful memory formation has long been a puzzle,” says Richard Morris, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh, who was not involved in the research. 

“This study goes a long way toward identifying the brain mechanisms of this process. Activity in the pathway between the locus coeruleus and CA3 occurs most strongly during novelty, and it seems that activity fixes the representations of everyday experience, helping to register and retain what’s been happening and where we’ve been.”

Choosing to remember
This mechanism likely evolved as a way to help animals survive, allowing them to remember new environments without wasting brainpower on recording places that are already familiar, the researchers say.

“When we are exposed to sensory information, we unconsciously choose what to memorize. For an animal’s survival, certain things are necessary to be remembered, and other things, familiar things, probably can be forgotten,” Wagatsuma says.

Still unknown is how the LC recognizes that an environment is new. The researchers hypothesize that some part of the brain is able to compare new environments with stored memories or with expectations of the environment, but more studies are needed to explore how this might happen.

“That’s the next big question,” Tonegawa says. “Hopefully new technology will help to resolve that.”

The research was funded by the RIKEN Brain Science Institute, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the JPB Foundation.
 This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     

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Immune cells rewire, repair brain while we sleep

Researchers have found that immune cells called microglia, which play an important role in reorganising the connections between nerve cells, fighting infections, and repairing damage, are also primarily active while we sleep.

Microglia serve as the brain’s first responders, patrolling the brain and spinal cord and springing into action to stamp out infections or gobble up debris from dead cell tissue.

“This research shows that the signals in our brain that modulate the sleep and awake state also act as a switch that turns the immune system off and on,” said study lead author Ania Majewska, Professor at University of Rochester in the US.

In previous studies, Majewska’s lab has shown how microglia interact with synapses, the juncture where the axons of one neuron connects and communicates with its neighbours.

The microglia help maintain the health and function of the synapses and prune connections between nerve cells when they are no longer necessary for brain function.

For the findings, researchers conducted the study on mice.

The current study points to the role of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that signals arousal and stress in the central nervous system.

This chemical is present in low levels in the brain while we sleep, but when production ramps up it arouses our nerve cells, causing us to wake up and become alert.

The study showed that norepinephrine also acts on a specific receptor, the beta2 adrenergic receptor, which is expressed at high levels in microglia.

When this chemical is present in the brain, the microglia slip into a sort of hibernation.

The study, which employed an advanced imaging technology that allows researchers to observe activity in the living brain, showed that when mice were exposed to high levels of norepinephrine, the microglia became inactive and were unable to respond to local injuries and pulled back from their role in rewiring brain networks.

“This work suggests that the enhanced remodeling of neural circuits and repair of lesions during sleep may be mediated in part by the ability of microglia to dynamically interact with the brain,” said the study's first author.

“Altogether, this research also shows that microglia are exquisitely sensitive to signals that modulate brain function and that microglial dynamics and functions are modulated by the behavioural state of the animal,” the first author said.

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Neuroscientist Discovers Hidden Region in the Human Brain

World-renowned cartographer of the brain, has discovered a hidden region of the human brain. The region is found near the brain-spinal cord junction and  the Professor  has named it the Endorestiform Nucleus.

Professor  suspected the existence of the Endorestiform Nucleus 30 years ago but has only now been able to see it due to better staining and imaging techniques. Commenting on this discovery, Professor says it can be likened to finding a new star.

“The region is intriguing because it seems to be absent in the rhesus monkey and other animals that we have studied,” said the Professor  adding, “there have to be some things that are unique about the human brain besides its larger size, and the Endorestiform Nucleus may be one of them.”

The Endorestiform Nucleus is located within the inferior cerebellar peduncle, an area that integrates sensory and motor information to refine our posture, balance and fine motor movements.

“I can only guess as to its function, but given the part of the brain where it has been found, it might be involved in fine motor control,” says the Professor.

The discovery of the region may help researchers explore cures for diseases including Parkinson’s disease and motor neuron disease.

Neuroscientists researching neurological or psychiatric diseases use Professor’s maps to guide their work. Professor’s brain atlases are heralded as the most accurate for the identification of brain structures and are also used in neurosurgery.

An increasingly detailed understanding of the architecture and connectivity of the nervous system has been central to most major discoveries in neuroscience in the past 100 years.

“Professor’s atlases showing detailed morphology and connections of the human brain and spinal cord, provide a critical framework for researchers to test hypotheses from synaptic function to treatments for diseases of the brain,” said a Prof.

The Prof. is the author of the most cited publication in neuroscience and another 52 books of highly detailed maps of the brain. The maps chart the course for neurosurgery and neuroscience research, enabling exploration, discovery and the development of treatments for diseases and disorders of the brain.

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Milk, beef may trigger rheumatoid arthritis

A strain of bacteria commonly found in milk and beef may be a trigger for developing rheumatoid arthritis in people who are genetically at risk, according to a study.

Researchers  have discovered a link between rheumatoid arthritis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, known as MAP, a bacteria found in about half the cows in the US.

The bacteria can be spread to humans through the consumption of infected milk, beef and produce fertilised by cow manure.

The researchers are the first to report this connection between MAP and rheumatoid arthritis in a study published in the journal.

They had previously discovered a connection between MAP and Crohn's disease.

Crohn's and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) share the same genetic predispositions and both are often treated using the same types of immunosuppressive drugs.

"Here you have two inflammatory diseases, one affects the intestine and the other affects the joints, and both share the same genetic defect and treated with the same drugs," said a infectious disease specialist.

For the study, the rheumatologist recruited 100 of her patients who volunteered clinical samples for testing.

Seventy-eight per cent of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a mutation in the PTPN2/22 gene, the same genetic mutation found in Crohn's patients, and 40 per cent of that number tested positive for MAP.

"We believe that individuals born with this genetic mutation and who are later exposed to MAP through consuming contaminated milk or meat from infected cattle are at a higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis," the scientist said.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that causes the immune system to attack a person's joints, muscles, bones and organs.

Patients suffer from pain and deformities mostly in the hands and feet. It can occur at any age but the most common onset is between 40 and 60 years old and is three times more prevalent in women.
"We do not know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis, so we are excited that we have found this association," the scientist said.

"But there is still a long way to go. We need to find out why MAP is more predominant in these patients - whether it is present because they have RA, or whether it caused RA in these patients. If we find that out, then we can target treatment towards the MAP bacteria," she said.

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.    

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