High hormone levels in blood raise prostate cancer risk

Men with higher levels of testosterone and a growth hormone in their blood are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer, according to a new study.

A research of more than 200,000 men is one of the first to show strong evidence of two factors that could possibly be modified to reduce prostate cancer risk.

"Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide after lung cancer and a leading cause of cancer deaths. But, there is no evidence-based advice that we can give to men to reduce their risk," said the study's lead author.

"We were interested in studying the levels of two hormones circulating in the blood because previous research suggests they could be linked with prostate cancer and because these are factors that could potentially be altered in an attempt to reduce prostate cancer risk," he added.

The researchers studied 200,452 men who are part of the UK Biobank project. All were free of cancer when they joined the study and were not taking any hormone therapy.

The men gave blood samples that were tested for their levels of testosterone and a growth hormone called insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I).

The researchers calculated the levels of free testosterone which is circulating in the blood and not bound to any other molecule and can therefore have an effect in the body.

A subset of 9,000 men gave a second blood sample at a later date, to help the researchers account for natural fluctuations in the hormone levels.

The men were followed for an average of six to seven years to see if they went on to develop prostate cancer. Within the group, there were 5,412 cases and 296 deaths from the disease.

The researchers found that men with higher concentrations of the two hormones in their blood were more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer.

For every increase of five nanomoles in the concentration of IGF-I per litre of blood (5 nmol/L), men were nine per cent more likely to develop prostate cancer.

For every increase of 50 picomoles of testosterone per litre of blood (50 pmol/L), there was a 10 per cent increase in prostate cancer risk.

According to the researchers, 25 per cent greater risk in men who have the highest levels of IGF-I, compared to those with the lowest.

Men with the highest testosterone levels face an 18 per cent greater risk of prostate cancer, compared to those with the lowest levels.

"This type of study can't tell us why these factors are linked, but we know that testosterone plays a role in the normal growth and function of the prostate and that IGF-I has a role in stimulating the growth of cells in our bodies," the author said. The study was presented at 2019 NCRI Cancer Conference in London.

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High-fibre diet cuts preeclampsia risk during pregnancy

Ladies, please take note. Consuming a high fibre-diet may reduce the risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy, researchers have found.

Simple recommendation to eat food, mostly plants and not too much, might be the most effective primary prevention strategy for some of the most serious conditions of our time.

The mother's gut bacteria and diet appear to be crucial to promoting healthy pregnancy, said the lead author of the study.

The study showed that pregnancy outcomes and infant immunity are linked to gut bacteria.

Plant-based fibre is broken down in the gut by bacteria into factors that influence the immune system. The research team investigated the role of these metabolic products of gut bacteria during pregnancy.

The researchers found that in humans, reduced levels of acetate, which is mainly produced by fibre fermentation in the gut, is associated with the common and serious pregnancy-related condition, preeclampsia.

Preecelampsia occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies and is characterised by high blood pressure, protein in the urine and severe swelling in the mother's body.

It also interferes with the child's immune development whilst in the womb, with some evidence suggesting a link to higher rates of allergies and autoimmune diseases later in life.

The study found that preeclampsia affected the development of an important fetal immune organ-the thymus- which sits just behind the breastbone.

Foetuses in preeclampsia pregnancies were found to have a much smaller thymus than children from healthy pregnancies.

The cells the thymus normally generates-called T cells, and specifically those associated with the prevention of allergies and autoimmune conditions such as diabetes- also remained lower in infants after preeclampsia, even 4 years after delivery.

The mechanism of acetate on the developing foetal immune system were further examined in separate experiments involving mice that showed acetate was central in driving foetal thymus and T cell development.

The results showed that promoting specific metabolic products of gut bacteria during pregnancy might be an effective way to maintain a healthy pregnancy and to prevent allergies and autoimmune conditions later in life.

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Ladies, please take note. Consuming a high-fibre diet may reduce the risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy, researchers have found. "Simple recommendation to 'eat real food, mostly plants and not too much' might be the most effective primary prevention strategy for some of the most serious conditions of our time. "The mother's gut bacteria and diet appear to be crucial to promoting healthy pregnancy," said study lead author Ralph Nanan, Professor at the University of Sydney. https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/health/high-fibre-diet-cuts-preeclampsia-risk-during-pregnancy-545735

https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/health/high-fibre-diet-cuts-preeclampsia-risk-during-pregnancy-545735

Eating bluelerries can improve your health

Eating a cup of blueberries daily reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by up to 15 per cent, according to a study.

The findings suggest that blueberries and other berries should be included in diets to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
 

"Having metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and  diabetes and often statins and other medications are prescribed to help control this rise," said the lead author of the study.

The researchers studied whether eating blueberries had any effect on metabolic syndrome-- a condition, affecting 1/3 of westernised adults, which comprises at least three of the following risk factors: high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, low levels of 'good cholesterol' and high levels of triglycerides.

For the study, the researchers investigated the effects of eating blueberries daily in 138 overweight and obese people, (aged between 50 and 75), and having metabolic syndrome.
 
"We found that eating one cup of blueberries per day resulted in sustained improvements in vascular function and arterial stiffness - making enough of a difference to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by between 12 and 15 per cent," said co-author of the study.

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Soy food cuts fracture risks in breast cancer survivors

Eating soy-rich food can decrease the risk of bone fractures in pre-menopausal breast cancer survivors, suggests a new study. The higher soy intake was linked to 77 per cent reduced risk of osteoporotic fractures in younger women, the study showed.

In the study, researchers investigated the impact of exercise and soy food consumption on bone fracture rates among breast cancer survivors.

“The menopausal transition is known to be a period of high risk for bone loss, and given the relative scarcity of data related to fracture risk among younger women with breast cancer, this study marks an important contribution to this body of literature,” said the paper’s lead author.

“Our findings, in particular regarding the protective effects of soy food consumption, provide novel insight into how future interventions can be best tailored to different risk groups,” the author said.

For the study, the team used data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival study of 5,042 newly diagnosed breast cancer survivors in the age group of 20-75.

The study found soy-based foods that are rich in isoflavones provide a natural selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which helps in increasing the bone mineral density.

Previous studies have showed the use of tamoxifen, a SERM or drug, that is prescribed for breast cancer patients, reduces risk of fractures.

Several treatments for breast cancer can cause premature menopause and decrease bone mineral density, leading to a higher incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures among survivors compared with healthy women in the same age group.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the US, with one in eight women diagnosed with it during their lifetime.

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Quitting smoking cuts bladder cancer risk in women

Quitting smoking can reduce the risk of bladder cancer in older women, says a study, adding that the most significant reduction in risk occurred in the first 10 years after quitting.

The researchers used various statistical models to analyse the association between the years since quitting smoking and the risk of bladder cancer.
 

For the study, the researchers included data from 143,279 women, all of whom had supplied information on whether they had ever smoked cigarettes, how much they had smoked and whether they were current smokers.

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The study found that 52.7 per cent of the women were categorised as "never smokers," 40.2 per cent as former smokers, and 7.1 per cent as current smokers.

"Although bladder cancer is a fairly rare cancer type, representing an estimated 4.6 per cent of new cancer cases in 2019, it is the most common malignancy of the urinary system, with high recurrence rate and significant mortality," said a researcher.

"Smoking is a well-established risk factor for bladder cancer, but findings on the relationship between duration of smoking cessation and the reduction in bladder cancer risk are inconsistent," she added.

The study found that the steepest reduction in risk occurred in the first 10 years after quitting smoking, with a 25 per cent drop. The risk continued to decrease after 10 years of quitting.

"Our study emphasizes the importance of primary prevention (by not beginning to smoke) and secondary prevention (through smoking cessation) in the prevention of bladder cancer among postmenopausal women," she said.

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Genetics variants associated with obesity identified

Researchers have identified genetic variants associated with obesity that is central to developing targeted interventions to reduce the risk of chronic illnesses like hypertension, Type-2 diabetes and heart disease. The team found genetic sites that affect the human body's size and shape, including height and obesity. The findings will help understand how genes can predispose certain individuals to obesity.

In the study, researchers found 24 coding loci (or positions) -- 15 common and nine rare -- along chromosomes of individuals that predispose to higher waist-to-hip ratio. Higher values of the waist-to-hip ratio are associated with more incidence of diseases associated with obesity. 

"For the first time, we were able to examine, on a large scale, how low-frequency and rare variants influence body fat distribution," said a researcher. 

"A better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of body fat distribution may lead to better treatments for obesity and other downstream diseases obesity also impacts, for example, Type-2 diabetes and heart disease," he suggested.

Further analysis revealed pathways and gene sets that influenced not only metabolism but also regulation of body fat tissue, bone growth and adiponectin, a hormone that controls glucose levels and breaks down fat. Performing functional studies across other organisms, the team also identified two genes that were associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and body fat across species.

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Include carrots in your meal plan to lower blood sugar naturally

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to serious complications if not properly controlled. In addition to medication, making dietary changes such as following a healthy eating plan that is naturally rich in nutrients and low in fat and calories, as well as maintaining a healthy weight by staying physically active, can help you control blood sugar and reduce the risk of serious health consequences associated with diabetes. But, turns out there’s a specific type of food or juice that can help improve blood sugar control and manage diabetes.

You get type 2 diabetes when your body either doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels or resists the effects of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that keeps your blood sugar level from going too high or too low. We already know that eating low glycemic index, or GI, foods like carrots, can help manage blood sugar levels.

Carrots for type 2 diabetes: How it works

According to a report in the Express, scientists have found that carrots are packed with potent health-boosting antioxidants which appear to prevent type 2 diabetes. Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California reported that for people with a genetic predisposition to diabetes, beta-carotene in carrots may lower the risk for type 2 diabetes. Your body can convert beta carotene into a close cousin of vitamin A. While the role of vitamin A in diabetes is not understood well, researchers  suggested that the vitamin may improve the insulin-producing beta-cells.

The Stanford University’s scientists also found that gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the diet which is found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 

As per the study, the researchers found clear links between high blood levels of beta carotene and a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in people carrying a double dose of a specific variation (in the gene SLC30A4) - which is known to increase the risk of the condition. However, the variations combined with high blood levels of gamma tocopherol were linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

How to include carrots in your diabetes diet plan

If you have diabetes and are looking for a natural way to help manage your condition, adding carrots or carrot juice, despite its sweet flavour, to your daily diet can be helpful. According to the Glycemic Index Foundation, carrot juice (250ml serving) has a GI of 43 - foods that have a low GI of 55 or less are unlikely to cause a large spike in your blood sugar levels. This means carrot juice won’t spike the blood sugar levels although it may still contain sugar and carbohydrates.

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