A protein in your brain can be your weapon against Alzheimer’s disease

Researchers have found that a protein that regulates white blood cells in the human brain could protect against Alzheimer’s disease.

The results  suggest that this protein, called CD33, could have important implications in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease.

“Immune cells in the brain, called microglia, play a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease,” explained  co-author of the study.

“They can be harmful or protective. Swaying microglia from a harmful to protective state could be the key to treating the disease,” the author added. Scientists have identified the CD33 protein as a factor that may decrease a person’s likelihood of this disease.

Now, this research has shown that the most common type of CD33 protein plays a crucial role in modulating the function of microglia. “The fact that CD33 is found on microglia suggests that immune cells can protect the brain from Alzheimer’s disease under the right circumstances,” said the  first author of the study.

Alzheimer’s disease affects more than 44 million people around the world. “These findings set the stage for future testing of a causal relationship between CD33 and Alzheimer’s Disease, as well as testing therapeutic strategies to sway microglia from harmful to protecting against the disease – by targeting CD33,” said the researcher.

“Microglia have the potential to ‘clean up’ the neurodegenerative plaques, through a process called phagocytosis — so a therapy to harness this ability to slow down or reverse this mental health disorder can be envisioned,” he said.


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What women eat during pregnancy can modulate risk of ADHD in children

According to a new study, the risk of children  developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms can be modulated by  mother’s diet during  while they are pregnant. The study,  had examined samples of umbilical cord plasma to calculate the levels of omega-6 and omega-3 which tend to reach the foetus. According to statistics, a higher omega-6: omega-3 ratio can be linked  to a higher risk of the ADHD symptoms at the age of 7.

Omega-6 and omega-3 can be termed as the  long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which have  a crucial role in the function and architecture of the central nervous system, mainly in the later stages of gestation.

These two fatty acids compete for incorporation into cell membranes and are primarily obtained through diet. Since omega-6 and omega-3 have opposing physiological functions, the former promotes systemic pro-inflammatory states, while the latter promotes anti-inflammatory states, a balanced intake of these two fatty acids is important. Previous research had shown that children with ADHD symptoms have a higher omega-6: omega-3 ratio.

The authors studied data from 600 children living in four Spanish regions (Asturias, Basque Country, Catalonia, and Valencia) who are participating in the INMA Project. They analysed umbilical cord plasma samples and data from questionnaires completed by the children`s mothers. The ADHD symptoms were assessed using two standard questionnaires: the first completed by the children`s teachers at the age of four years, and the second by their parents at the age of seven years.

The results showed that, at the age of seven years, the number of ADHD symptoms increased by 13 per cent per each unit increase in the omega-6: omega-3 ratio in umbilical cord plasma. The study analysed the number of symptoms in the children who met the diagnostic criteria for the ADHD (minimum six symptoms) and also in the children with a smaller number of ADHD symptoms. The ratio of the two fatty acids was associated with the number of the ADHD symptoms present but not with the diagnosis of the disorder, and only in the assessment carried out at seven years of age.

The authors suggest that the assessment carried out at four years of age may have been affected by a measurement error because the ADHD symptoms reported at early ages may be caused by a neurodevelopmental delay falling within the normal range.”Our findings are in line with previous studies that established a relationship between the omega-6: omega-3 ratio in mothers and various early neurodevelopmental outcomes,” commented a researcher and lead author of the study.

“Although the association was not clinically significant, our findings are important at the level of the population as a whole,” noted the author.”If a large proportion of the population is exposed to a high omega-6: omega-3 ratio, the distribution for the ADHD symptom scores would likely move to the right and the prevalence of extreme values would increase, leading to a negative impact on the community`s health costs and productivity,” he added.

“This study adds more evidence to the growing body of research on the importance of maternal diet during pregnancy,” commented the co-author of the study.”The nutrient supply during the earliest stages of life is essential in that it programs the structure and function of the organs, and this programming, in turn, has an impact on health at every stage of life. As the brain takes a long time to develop, it is particularly vulnerable to misprogramming. Alterations of this sort could, therefore, lead to neurodevelopmental disorders.”

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Hormone leptin may help treat obesity: Study

A new study has revealed that hormone leptin - known to regulate metabolism, appetite and weight - also influences cells other than neurons that control appetite.

The research, published in the June 1 issue of Nature Neuroscience, could lead to development of treatments for metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes.

Researchers at Yale School of Medicine have found that the hormone also acts on other types of cells to control appetite.

“Until now, the scientific community thought that leptin acts exclusively in neurons to modulate behaviour and body weight," said Tamas Horvath, the Jean and David W. Wallace professor of biomedical research at Yale School of Medicine.

Leptin, a naturally occurring hormone, is known for its hunger-blocking effect on the hypothalamus, a region in the brain. Leptin hormone is made by fat cells which regulates the amount of fat stored in the body.

Food intake is influenced by signals that travel from the body to the brain. Leptin is one of the molecules that signal the brain to modulate food intake.

If animals are missing leptin, or the leptin receptor, they eat too much and become much too obese.
In the study, Horvath and his team selectively knocked out leptin receptors in the adult non-neuronal glial cells of mice.

The researchers then recorded the water and food intake, as well as physical activity every five days.
The team found that animals responded less to feeding reducing effects of leptin but had heightened feeding responses to the hunger hormone ghrelin.

According to Horvath, “Glial cells provide the main barrier between the periphery and the brain. Thus glial cells could be targeted for drugs that treat metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes.”

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