Endogamy may up infertility risk in Indian men

A team of researchers have identified that deletions of the Y chromosomes, responsible for production of sperms, can cause infertility in Indian men.

The study, illustrates how the ethnicity, endogamy and long-time geographical isolation of Indian populations might have played a major role in the high frequencies of deletion events.

According to the researchers, deletions in the AZoospermia Factor (AZF) regions on the human Y chromosome are reported as one of the most common causes of severe testiculopathy and spermatogenic defects leading to male infertility.

For the study, the researchers screened blood samples of 973 infertile men, consisting of 771 azoospermia (complete absence of sperm), 105 oligozoospermia (low sperm count) and 97 oligoteratozoospermia (low sperm count with abnormal shape and size) patients.

The deletion screening was carried out using AZF-specific markers.

The experiments were carried in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations approved for research on human samples.

The study revealed deletion events in a total of 29.4 per cent of infertile Indian men. Of these, non-allelic homologous recombination events accounted for 25.8 per cent.

Indian populations are unique in their origin and have been practicing endogamy for the last two thousand years, and therefore it is important to add a study of the frequencies of AZF deletions on the Y chromosome and their association with fertility in Indian idiopathic infertile men to similar studies from other parts of the world, the researchers said.

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Your friends may influence you to become obese

Besides genes and an unhealthy diet, your friends can also play a role in making you overweight, says a study, which found that obesity can spread through communities like a ‘social contagion’.

The study showed social circles can influence a person to become obese, suggesting the risk of becoming overweight increases if one moves to an area with a high rate of obesity, it was reported.

“Social contagion in obesity means if more people around you are obese, then that may increase your own chances of becoming obese. Subconsciously, you are affected by what people around you are doing,” said a researcher.

“If you move to a community where a sedentary lifestyle is the norm, you join that. There is this social influence,” she said.

For the study, the team included 1,314 parents and 1,111 children of US Army personnel at 38 bases.

The chances of becoming overweight or obese for a teenager increased four-six per cent for rise in every one per cent in the obesity.

On the other hand, the risk of the parent becoming obese or overweight went up five per cent for increase in every one per cent of obesity in the area.

The longer the families lived there, the more likely they put on weight, the report said.

Obesity can be caused by many variables, and previous research has shown living in certain communities carries a higher risk of obesity than living in other communities.

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Carb Cycling Can Help You Lose Weight, Without Ditching The Carbs

Carbohydrates continue to be the most feared nutrient when getting onto a weight loss plan. While carbs are often touted as the enemy when it comes to weight loss, they are often required in higher quantities than fat and protein for our bodies to perform efficiently. 

Well, there now seems to be a way to continue getting in your dose of carbs and losing weight at the same time. Carb cycling is the latest addition to the bandwagon of diets out there and it’s here to help you lose weight without sacrificing your favourite carbs.

The concept of carb cycling involves three cycles of carb consumption.

Carb cycling is a basic concept involving three cycles of carb consumption: no carb, low-carb and high-carb. However, it is not as easy as it reads. Carb cycling is a scientifically researched approach to weight loss and hence should be attempted once you have understood it completely.

Carb cycling does not mean eating pizzas and burgers on high-carb days and sticking to sandwiches on low ones. One needs to consume healthy carbohydrates which do not hurt your health in the long run and build your body in a healthier manner.

A concept based on alternative carb intake, carb cycling should be approached in an organised manner to make the most of this scientific dietary approach. You can alternate carb cycling either between days, weeks or even months. But, you need to be careful.

Carb cycling is based on various factors ranging from body composition, training goals, body fat percentage and insulin to name a few. Once you know what your body goals are, you can tailor make a carb cycling meal plan to suit yourself.

Carb cycling can help in losing weight as it creates a calorie deficit in the body. This is because, on low carb days, you are high on fats, and vice versa on high carb days. This also includes protein consumption.

There are several theories which state that carb cycling is based more on hormones and less on calories. This is because when we begin carb cycling, insulin, leptin, and serotonin are three hormones which come into play. These three hormones are also primary ones which play an important role in weight maintenance.

Carb cycling also helps curb cravings which you would otherwise get if you completely cut off carbs from your diet. Scraping out cravings is a small but significant step towards weight loss. This is due to the fact that carbs provide a sense of satisfaction to our brain and to our body.

When our body starts reacting to carb cycling, it starts to lose weight and fat at the same time. In addition to this, better insulin sensitivity, improved cholesterol levels, and increased metabolic activity are other benefits of carb cycling.

What sources of food can you use for carb cycling?

Fruits: Despite the contrary belief, fruits are healthy carbohydrates to include in your diet. Rather than eating simple sugar, which often leads to weight gain, eating at least 60 grams of fruit on your high carb days will be beneficial and is acceptable.

Whole grains:

As mentioned before, carb cycling does not mean overloading your plate with unhealthy carbs like pizzas and burgers which are also highly processed. You must stick to whole grains. Brown rice, buckwheat, barley, millets and whole wheat are some options you should include.

Vegetables: Your plate should comprise all vegetable colours such as green, yellow, orange and red. These are antioxidant-rich and ensure healthy carbohydrate intake.

Legumes and pulses: As Indians, legumes and pulses are a part of our everyday meal and hence, are not an issue to consume. Remember to cook them in minimal oil or ghee to balance out your carb, fat and protein ratio.

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Unexpected finding may deter disabling diabetic eye disease

Diabetic retinopathy is considered one of the most disabling complications of diabetes and the leading cause of new cases of vision loss among adults.

A new  study is the first to find that a particular type of lipid, or fat, thought to only exist in the skin, now lives in your eye and might play a major role in deterring the eye disease.

"Our study presents an unexpected finding that the connections between cells in the retinal blood vessels contain unusual, long-chain lipids that may keep vessels from leaking, possibly preventing diabetic retinopathy from occurring," said the lead author of the study and a physiology professor.

Blood vessels in the retina are closely connected by structures called tight junctions, which are part of the blood-retinal barrier, a virtually impenetrable wall.

The author showed that these connecting structures contain omega-linked acyl-very long chain ceramides -- elongated lipids that appear to strengthen this barrier.

Diabetes can expose blood vessels to high levels of glucose and unhealthy amounts of lipids, which throws off the balance of nutrients that are transported throughout the body.

"When this becomes unbalanced, the vessels leak and become fragile, leading to the development of diabetic retinopathy," the author said. "It appears though that these long-chain lipids and the enzymes that produce them can protect the retina and its blood vessels."

In cases of diabetes, the enzyme ELOVL4 is suppressed by the disease, which decreases its ability to produce these helpful lipids and prevent further damage.

Next steps for us will be to understand what these lipids can really do and how exactly they're situated in the tight junctions of the retina so new treatments may be possible.

"Incorporating more of the long-chain lipids into the eye could potentially be a new treatment down the road and involve injections or even eye drops," she said.

Lipids often get a bad rap due to their association with health issues such as high cholesterol and heart disease, but the Dr. is encouraged by what she's found.

"There are bad lipids and then there are good lipids," she said. "We've found good lipids in the eye that have the potential of changing the development of diabetic retinopathy."

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                                                                                                                                                                                      PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/   
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