Here's how diabetes can elevate cancer risk

The researchers have identified the reason why people with Type 1 OR 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing some forms of cancer.

The study has found that DNA sustains more damage and gets fixed less often when blood sugar levels are high compared to when blood sugar is at a normal, healthy level, thereby increasing one's cancer risk.

It's been known for a long time that people with diabetes have as much as 2.5 fold increased risk of certain cancer, said one of the researchers. These include ovarian, breast, kidney and others.

Scientists have suspected that the elevated cancer risk for diabetics arises from hormonal dysregulation.

In people with Type 2 diabetes, their insulin is not effectively carrying glucose into cells, he explained. So, the pancreas makes more and more insulin, and they get what's called hyperinsulinemia, he added.

In addition to controlling blood glucose levels, hormone insulin can stimulate cell growth, possibly leading to cancer. Also, most people with Type 2 diabetes are overweight and their excess fat tissue produces higher levels of adipokines than those at a healthy weight.

The researchers looked for a specific type of damage in the form of chemically modified DNA bases, known as adducts, in tissue culture and rodent models of diabetes.

Indeed, they found a DNA adduct, called N2-(1 carboxyethyl)-2-'- deoxygyanosine, or CEdG, that occurred more frequently in the diabetic models than in normal cells or mice.

Exposure to high glucose levels leads to both DNA adducts and the suppression of their repair, which in combination could cause genome instability and cancer, he added.

The researchers also wanted to determine the molecular reasons why the adducts weren't being fixed properly by the cells.

They identified 2 proteins that appear to be involved: the transcription factor HIF1 a and the signalling protein mTORC1, which both show less activity in diabetes.

According to the researchers, several drugs that stimulate HLF1a or mTORC1 already exist. The researchers plan to see if these drugs decrease cancer risk in diabetic animal models and if so, they will test them in humans.

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Sleep apnoea can contribute to cancer, know how to treat it naturally

Do you snore loudly at night? Do you also suffer from morning headaches? If yes, you are probably suffering from sleep apnoea. It is a sleep disorder in which your breathing stops for a short period while you sleep. This causes deficiency of oxygen in the body. Because of this, you may gasp for breath and, sometimes, wake up due to the loud sound of your own snoring.

Symptoms of this condition include gasping for air during sleep, irritability, morning headache, insomnia and a feeling of sleepiness during the daytime. If not treated on time, sleep apnoea can cause fatigue, high blood pressure, metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes, liver problem, etc. Additionally, this condition can also cause relationship problems by depriving your partner from sleep.

If you are a middle-aged male with a heart disorder, your likelihood of suffering from this disease goes up by notches. Use of narcotic medication and a stroke also make you susceptible to this sleep problem. You may experience mental health issues, poor immune function, heart failure, or/and memory loss if proper measures are not taken on time.

WOMAN WITH SLEEP APNEA HAVE INCREASED RISK OF CANCER: STUDY

We earlier mentioned that men are more at risk of developing sleep apnoea. But if you happen to be a woman and you suffer from this condition, your risk of developing cancer is more than your male counterparts, says a recent research published in the European Respiratory Journal. During the study, the scientists collected data of 20,000 patients with sleep apnoea. It was found that around two per cent of these patients were later diagnosed with cancer.

Researchers analysed data based on age, gender, alcohol consumption, body mass index and smoking. Again, there was a strong association between sleep apnoea and higher cancer prevalence. Additionally, the link was stronger in women than men.

NATURAL REMEDIES FOR SLEEP APNEA

Considering the various health problems that come with sleep apnoea, it is extremely important to treat this disorder as soon as possible. But before that, you need to confirm your condition. And for that, you need to visit a sleep specialist. He will perform tests like nocturnal polysomnography. It includes attaching equipment to your body to measure your heart rate, breathing pattern, brain activity, arm and leg movement and level of oxygen in blood when you are sleeping.

If your condition is not too severe, you will have to make certain lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and losing weight. If the problem is due to nasal allergies, you will have to undergo treatment for that allergy. In case, this does not work, you will be recommended other treatment options like continuous positive airway pressure, use of oral appliances, etc. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. This may include tissue removal, tissue shrinkage, implants, nerve stimulation and tracheostomy (process of creating a new air passage).

In addition to seeking medical help, you may also try to get relief by following some natural remedies. Here, we tell you about a few simple modifications that can offer relief from this disorder.

Try to maintain a healthy weight
Previously, various studies have proven that obesity can increase your risk of airway obstruction. Excess weight can narrow your nasal passages. This can cause breathing problems and lead to disturbed sleep.
According to a research published in the journal Chest, the prevalence of sleep apnoea is almost twice in obese patients as compared to those who are in good shape. Actually, when you are obese, the fat molecules may be deposited in the tissues surrounding your upper airway. This can cause breathing difficulties and eventually lead to this condition. To maintain good weight, indulge in regular exercise. Also, have healthy foods like green vegetables, fruit juices, etc.

Make yoga a way of life
As we all are aware, yoga is an old exercise technique that basically involves breathing. In yoga, how you breathe is extremely important and the positive effects rely on that. Indulging in yoga on a daily basis can increase your energy level. It can help treat this sleeping disorder and boost your heart health as well. As mentioned earlier, heart problems are one of the reasons behind sleep apnoea. Practicing yoga actually improves strength of your respiratory system and boosts the flow of oxygen.

Adopt the right sleep position
According to a 2006 study published in the journal European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck, more than half of sleep apnoea cases are due to wrong sleeping position. Experts in the field say that sleeping on your back can actually make your condition worse. It can block your airway and increase snoring episodes. Try sleeping on your side. It can help you to a certain degree.

Invest in a humidifier
It is a device that is known to add moisture to the air. If your nasal passage is dry, it can cause irritation and can worsen the situation. Use a humidifier to moisten the air and see the result. This can improve your breathing capacity by opening your airways. For best results, you can add essential oils like eucalyptus, lavender and peppermint to your humidifier. These oils are known to have soothing benefits. Also, they have anti-inflammatory benefits.

Don’t smoke or drink alcohol
As mentioned earlier, positive lifestyle changes can improve your overall health. This includes your sleeping and breathing patterns. As far as the effect of alcohol is concerned, it actually relaxes the throat muscles that control your breathing. This is what leads to interrupted sleep and snoring. If you drink too much, there are chances that you may develop inflammation in your airways. This can further worsen the condition. Smoking can also contribute to these problems.

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Obesity leads to more cases of cancer than smoking'

People with obesity are at an increased risk of suffering from cancer rather than the regular smokers, according to a British charity involved in research work related to cancer.

Scientists have so far identified that obesity causes 13 types of cancer, it said.

Excess weight causes around 1,900 more cases of bowel cancer than smoking in the UK each year, the charity said in a statement.

The same worrying pattern is true of cancer in the kidneys (1,400 more cases caused by excess weight than by smoking each year in the UK), ovaries (460) and liver (180), it added.

"As smoking rates fall and obesity rates rise, we can clearly see the impact on a national health crisis when the government puts policies in place - and when it puts its head in the sand," said a Dr.

"Our children could be a smoke-free generation, but we've hit a devastating record high for childhood obesity, and now we need urgent government intervention to end the epidemic. They still have a chance to save lives," the Dr. said.

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Potential new therapy for Crohn's, colitis identified

People with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) live with frequent, miserable episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea and in severe cases, rectal bleeding. Standard treatments are aimed at directly suppressing inflammation, but many patients find little relief from such an approach. 

Now, researchers  have found a compound that may treat IBD without directly targeting inflammation. The compound tamps down the activity of a gene linked to blood clotting. They discovered that the gene was turned on at sites of intestinal inflammation and damage, and blocking its activity reduces IBD symptoms in mice.

Notably, the gene is especially active in people with severe disease and in those who don't respond to potent biologic drugs known as TNF blockers that are prescribed to treat severe IBD.

The findings,  may be a path to new therapeutic options for people whose IBD can't be controlled effectively with current treatments.

"There's a lot of interest in novel therapeutic approaches for IBD because inhibiting inflammatory molecules doesn't work for all patients," said senior author. "We found a unique target that's not an inflammatory molecule, and yet blocking it reduces inflammation and signs of disease, at least in mice. If further research bears out our findings, we think this target could be helpful to a greater number of patients."

More than 1 million people in the United States have IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Both conditions are marked by out-of-control inflammation but in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They typically are treated first with general anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids. In more severe cases, people are given more potent immune suppressors such as TNF inhibitors, which neutralize an important immune protein. TNF inhibitors are sold under brand names such as Humira and Remicade. Immunosuppressants can be very effective, but they do have side effects such as increased risk of infection and cancer.

While researchers have focused countless hours on finding drugs to dampen IBD patients' unruly immune systems, there are other untapped sources for therapies of the disease—such as the behavior of the epithelial cells that line the gut. One of the researchers realized that overlooked aspects of IBD might be a rich source of new drug targets.

To find genes that play a role in IBD through noninflammatory pathways, researchers analyzed 1,800 intestinal biopsies from 14 independent, publicly available IBD datasets. The biopsies came from different studies, variously comparing people with IBD to healthy people; samples taken from inflamed and unaffected parts of the intestine; or people with mild, moderate and severe cases of IBD.

This analysis revealed that a group of genes related to blood clotting are turned on in IBD. The finding fits with the longstanding observation that people with IBD are two to three times as likely as the general population to develop problems with blood clots, with the risk especially high during a flare-up.

With the help of co-author and colleagues, the researchers whittled down the list of genes to a few that played a role in both inflammatory and epithelial cells. One in particular stood out: a gene called SERPINE-1. This gene and its corresponding protein were found at high levels in inflamed parts of the gut in IBD patients. Both also are involved in an early step in the blood-clotting process but hadn't been linked to inflammation previously.

To verify the role of the gene and its protein in gut inflammation, the researchers gave mice a chemical that causes gut inflammation similar to IBD, or a harmless chemical for comparison. The mice that received the damaging chemical lost weight, their intestines had signs of injury with many inflammatory cells and proteins, and the SERPINE-1 gene was expressed six times higher than in mice that received the harmless chemical.

When the mice with IBD-like symptoms were treated with a compound called MDI-2268 that blocked the activity of the protein, they fared much better. They lost less weight, and their intestines showed less destruction and inflammation than mice that were treated with a placebo.

"What's most exciting here is that SERPINE-1 and its protein seems to be most highly expressed in people with the most severe disease and those who don't respond to immunosuppressive biologics," he said. "No one's ever thought of targeting something like this. But here we've found something that might help lots of people with IBD, especially the ones who aren't benefiting much from current therapies." 

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