Scientists develop method to detect breast and ovarian cancer from saliva

Now doctors would soon be able to detect breast and ovarian cancer through a person’s saliva. 

Scientists have developed a new non invasive method for detecting breast and ovarian cancer through salivary proteins.

Breast and ovarian cancers, two of the worst forms of cancer, which are responsible for approximately one third of all cancers that occur in women and one fifth of all cancer related deaths worldwide. The research team has got a breakthrough in identifying certain proteins present in the saliva, which act as potential biomarkers indicative of breast and ovarian cancer metastasis.

The team compared the samples from healthy individuals against the samples collected from stage IV breast and ovarian cancer patients and ovarian cancer patients who had undergone at least 3 cycles of chemotherapy. The salivary proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry indicative of pathophysiology of breast and ovarian cancers and were compared to healthy and ovarian chemotherapy subjects.

Collectively, 646 proteins were identified, of which 409 proteins were confidently identified across all four groups. In addition to 409 identified proteins, 352 proteins were common in all groups, while 57 were either present/absent exclusively in one group or common in any two/three groups.

The research details the use of Whole Saliva as a body fluid for early detection of Breast and Ovarian cancers, as opposed to the traditional method of using blood samples.

“Due to the heterogeneous and asymptomatic nature of breast and ovarian cancers, their early detection has been difficult using traditional methods such as mammography, blood flow patterns by color‐flow Doppler imaging and trans-vaginal ultrasound examination, due to high diagnostic costs and radiation exposure," said  a researcher.

“Our attempt was to utilize saliva as a non-invasive sample source to identify specific protein biomarkers, which indicate breast and ovarian cancer metastasis. In patients who have undergone three cycles of chemotherapy, the salivary proteins can also act as an indicator of the patient’s response to chemotherapy," he said.

The researcher added that the although it is essential to clinically validate these proteins in a large cohort of subjects but the results of the present study serve as an initial step towards the development of saliva-based clinical tests.

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Researchers develop fast, non-contact method for early detection of breast cancer

A new "fast, painless and non-contact" way for early detection of breast cancer in women of all ages including pregnant or nursing has been developed by the researchers

The proposed technique makes use of infrared emission emanating from the breast to detect the hidden tumors at a very early stage with predefined thermal stimulus on the area under examination.

"Infrared Thermography (IRT) is a fast, painless, non-contact, and non-invasive imaging method, complementary to mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging methods for early diagnosis of breast cancer," Associate Professor, who is associated with the research said.

The widely used mammography has its limitations in detecting tumors, especially in a "dense breast", he said.

"Dense breasts have less fat and more gland tissue in comparison to the fatty breasts, which restricts mammography to detect tumors with confidence. Especially for the tumors situated in the gland region of the breast, due to the insignificant density variations between the gland and tumor regions, mammography fails to provide enough radiographic contrast between the tumor location and healthy region of the breast," he added.

The Prof. explained that this limits the applicability of mammography in the screening of dense breasts. "Also, mammography leads to discomfort to the patient and the exposure to harmful ionizing radiation further restricts its applicability. However, the present Active IRT technique outperforms the standard method of mammography by providing patient-friendly breast screening," he said.

The research titled "Applicability of active infrared thermography for the screening of human breast: a numerical study", has been published. In the new method, an external thermal stimulus (heat/cold) is applied over the breast under examination for creating significant temperature differences (2 to 3 degrees centigrade from the ambient breast temperature) over the normal and abnormal (tumor) regions over the breast.

Thermal waves generated due to applied heat stimulus diffuse into the breast and produce a similar temporal temperature distribution on the skin surface of the breast with a certain delay and amplitude. The presence of tumors inside the breast alters the heat flow resulting in temperature gradients over the surface. Further, phase and amplitude images are constructed using frequency and time-domain data analysis schemes for detecting the sub-surface tumors with improved contrast.

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Innovative breast cancer early warning system developed

llumina 360, a robot-assisted breast cancer early warning system developed by a city-based medical technology firm, can help in early detection of tumours through thermal imaging and be a boon in tackling the disease that is fast spreading, an official said. 

According to a researcher, the system is the first of its kind in the world in breast cancer detection.

With incidence of breast cancer seen in younger women, Illumina 360 can detect presence of variance in the breasts of women irrespective of their age and without any pain, he said.

According to him, the existing screening systems have negative factors like pain when the breasts get pressed by the machine, women feel shy to be exposed during the screening process, age (only women over 45 can be subject to mammography) and non-ionizing radiation.

However, Illumina 360 eliminates all these handicaps. 

"All that a woman has to do is to lie down on a table just unbuckling her tops and without exposing her breasts. An advanced robot in the scanning chamber will take a 360 degree view of the breast and acquire thermal signature - an early warning signal for breast cancer," he said.

"On seeing an abnormality in the thermal image, the person may be advised some lifestyle changes. After some period similar scan could be taken to check on the status," a Consultant Radiologist said.

According to the researcher, with Illumina 360 mass breast screening from early age can be a reality in poor countries.

He said the equipment will be priced similar to the analog mammography whereas the digital mammography costs around Rs 1 crore.

We at the research institute are here to stimulate, foster and enhance bio-tech innovation that can bridge existing healthcare gaps and improve lives of people. 

"We are pleased to announce the birth of one such innovation -CURA's Illumina 360 degree, to bridge one of the biggest gaps in the country - addressing the biggest killer disease of the country - Breast Cancer. We are proud to have been part of innovating this disruptive innovation." 

One in 28 women get breast cancer and one in two die due to late detection, making survival one of the lowest in the world.


Hope and pray that detection of Breast cancer in its earlier stage is made easy, so many women can survive this dreadful disease in the world.
 

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Now, a device to screen breast cancer through blood

A device has been launched in the state that uses blood samples to screen breast cancer in 15 minutes. The state government has planned a trial of the newly-launched device.

At the launch of the device — MammoAlert, manufactured by a Silicon Valley based start-up — on Wednesday, state health minister Dr Deepak Sawant said, “We will run a pilot in Maharashtra, in areas where the incidence of breast cancer is high,” he said.
Manufacturers of the device said the device estimates specific protein makers present in the woman’s blood sample. “The result is displayed on a phone connected to the device,” said Sanjeev Saxena, the founder of the device.

“The test checks if specific breast cancer ‘pathways’ are activated or not,” he said while adding that if the test results are positive, an imaging confirmatory test such as mammography should be performed.

The additional advantages of the test, are that there is no radiation exposure and it is very cost-effective. The test will cost one fourth the cost of a mammogram test. The average cost of mammogram test in India is between Rs1,500 and Rs 2,000, Dr Sawant said the test will especially benefit women living in rural areas who have no access to screening facilities. 

“The current statistics show that more than 1.5 lakh women are diagnosed with breast cancer and half of these succumb to the disease. With this innovation we can aspire to save lives by early detection,” he said. 

While the device is likely to get United States Food and Drug Administration approval in the next nine months, it will be available in India from June. 
 

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WHO to drop mammography option for women under 50

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The cancer screening technique has limited efficacy in the younger age band, says IARC

When the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) publishes its handbook on breast cancer screening for the year 2016, it will not include the popular screening technique of mammography for women in the under 50 age-group. 

Mammography has gained popularity globally, as well as in India, over the years with the rising incidence of breast cancer.

The IARC, the specialised cancer agency of the World Health Organisation, recommends mammography for women aged over 50 as now there is scientific evidence that it is effective in reducing breast cancer mortality for women in the 50–69 age-group, but has limited efficacy in the younger age band of 40 to 49. It states that the benefit of reduced mortality extends to women screened at age 70–74. The IARC publishes handbooks for various cancer types and it is referred to by clinicians across the globe.

“If you look at all the published evidence, except mammography, no other screening has worked and mammography works only for 50-plus women. As a diagnostic tool, it should be offered only to women above the age of 50 or post-menopausal women. With younger women, there could be harm of over-diagnosis and over treatment,” said Surendra Shastri, head of preventive oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital.

Dr. Shastri, who heads the WHO Collaborating Division for Cancer Prevention, Screening and Early Detection, said that even women who had crossed 50 should undergo a mammography if good diagnostic and treatment facilities were available. In a special report published in The New England Journal of Medicine , in which Dr. Shastri was a contributor, the IARC working group has noted that screening for breast cancer aims to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with the advanced stages of the disease, through early detection in asymptomatic women. However, there is “inadequate” evidence to prove that breast self-examination reduces mortality even when practised competently and regularly. In the case of mammography, it notes that “the most important harms associated with early detection of breast cancer through mammographic screening are false positive results, over-diagnosis, and possibly radiation-induced cancer.”

Dr. Shastri said that women in the lower age groups should continue to do breast self-examination and undergo a clinical breast examination once a year, but there was no evidence to prove so far that it had helped in bringing down breast cancer mortality. The WHO too, in its press statement on IARC’s handbook, states that clinical breast examination or breast self-examination are both relatively simple and inexpensive. It states: “Evaluation of the current literature showed that there is sufficient evidence that clinical breast examination is associated with the detection of smaller and earlier-stage tumours. However, no data were yet available for an evaluation of the effect of this screening technique on breast cancer mortality.”