New treatment discovered for Parkinson’s and other brain diseases

A discovery has revealed that a protein which was earlier linked to cell dysfunction and death is in fact critical for repairing breaks in DNA. The finding could lead to new treatments for Parkinson's and other brain diseases, suggests a study.

The study demonstrates the role of protein- alpha-synuclein in preventing the death of neurons in brain diseases such as Parkinson's. The findings suggest that it may be possible to design new therapies to replace alpha-synuclein's function or boost it in people with Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

It also reveals that aggregates of alpha-synuclein, lewy bodies, are problematic because they pull alpha-synuclein protein out of the nucleus of brain cells. The study examined the cells of living mice and postmortem brain tissue in humans, revealed that these proteins perform a crucial function by repairing breaks that occur along the vast strands of DNA present in the nucleus of every cell of the body.

Alpha-synuclein's role in DNA repair may be crucial in preventing cell death. This function may be lost in brain diseases such as Parkinson's, leading to the widespread death of neurons. "It may be the loss of that function that's killing that cell," said the senior author of the study.

Researchers found that the alpha-synuclein protein rapidly recruited to the site of DNA damage in the neurons of mice. In addition, they found increased double-strand breaks in the DNA of human tissue and mice in which the protein was clumped together in the form of Lewy bodies in the cytoplasm surrounding the cell's nucleus. Taken together, the results suggest that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in binding broken strands of DNA within the cell's nucleus.

"This is the first time that anyone has discovered one of its functions is DNA repair," he said. "That's critical for cell survival, and it appears to be a function that's lost in Parkinson's disease."

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Heart's own stem cells may help treat heart failure

Scientists have for the first time highlighted the natural regenerative capacity of a group of 

stem cells that reside in the heart. 

Researchers  found that these cells are responsible for repairing and regenerating muscle 

tissue damaged by a heart attack which leads to heart failure. 

The study showed that if the stem cells are eliminated, the heart is unable to repair after 

damage. 

If the cardiac stem cells are replaced the heart repairs itself, leading to complete cellular, 

anatomical and functional heart recovery, with the heart returning to normal and pumping 

at a regular rate. 

Also, if the cardiac stem cells are removed and re-injected, they naturally 'home' to and 

repair the damaged heart, a discovery that could lead to less-invasive treatments and even 

early prevention of heart failure in the future. 

"In a healthy heart the quantity of cardiac stem cells is sufficient to repair muscle tissue in 

the heart. However, in damaged hearts many of these cells cannot multiply or produce new 

muscle tissue," said a Dr. 

"In these cases it could be possible to replace the damaged cardiac stem cells or add new 

ones by growing them in the laboratory and administering them intravenously," they said.

"Understanding the role and potential of cardiac stems cells could pave the way for a 

variety of new ways to prevent and treat heart failure," Dr. added. 

"These new approaches involve maintaining or increasing the activity of cardiac stem cells 

so that muscle tissue in the heart can be renewed with new heart cells, replacing old cells 

or those damaged by wear and tear. 

"The cardiac stem cells naturally home to the heart because the heart is their home - they 

know to go there. Current practices involve major operations such as injection through the 

heart's muscle wall (intramyocardial) or coronary vessels (intracoronary). 

"The homing mechanism shown by our research could lead to a less invasive treatment 

whereby cardiac stem cells are injected through a vein in the skin (intravenously)," she 

said. 

"Although an early study, our findings are very promising. Next steps include clinical trials, 

due to start early 2014, aimed at assessing the effectiveness of cardiac stem cells for 

preventing and treating heart failure in humans," Dr. added. 

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