No More Needles: New Diabetes Treatment in a Pill Approved

Diabetes has been on the rise for decades, with an estimated 422 million worldwide suffering from the condition as of 2014 according to the WHO. The majority of these patients suffer from the acquired form of the disease, known as type 2 diabetes, which is notorious for being undiagnosed for years. Until recently, the treatment of type 2 diabetes in its advanced stages, for the majority of patients, was limited to injections, which are invasive, painful, and significantly more expensive than oral medications. Luckily, that is about to change, as a new treatment of the disease has recently passed FDA approval.

The drug in question is called Rybelsus, and it belongs to a group of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) drugs, which are sometimes prescribed to patients who can no longer control their blood sugar with diabetes medications that come in pills. These drugs typically come in injections, as the active ingredients of these medications are destroyed by stomach acids.

Rybelsus is the first drug of this kind to come in tablet form, and it has been approved as a standalone or complementary treatment of type 2 diabetes.

The tablets will be taken daily 30 minutes before food in the morning. Though the pricing of the new drug will be comparable to similar injectable treatments, the new medication can help relieve the psychological and financial burdens for many diabetes patients, as they will no longer require painful injections and will ultimately save money on syringes. Given that type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease and patients require daily or weekly injections for years on end, this is a major improvement.

The effectiveness and safety of Rybelsus have been proven in several clinical trials and established that it can stabilize blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients. The medication is not advised to treat type 1 diabetes, and the FDA doesn’t recommend Rybelsus as the first choice of treatment because it may increase the risk of a specific type of thyroid tumors as a side effect.

Still, the developers of the drug, Novo Nordisk, predict that it will become the treatment of choice for many patients and will lead the way in producing other novel treatments that are currently only available in injection form.

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Novel treatment may offer promise to TB patients

Researchers have developed a new treatment that could be used to treat hundreds of thousands of patients with tuberculosis (TB).

The study showed that the treatment, which patients will take using an inhaler, works by reducing the bacteria in the lungs causing tuberculosis while also helping the patient’s immune system to fight the disease.

“Many cases of TB are now becoming resistant to existing antibiotics. This new treatment could be used alongside antibiotics to treat drug-resistant TB and also possibly reduce the rate of antibiotic resistance resulting from conventional antibiotic treatments,” said a Prof.

TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Ten million people fell ill with TB and 1.6 million died from the disease in 2017, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

For the study, the team used a spray-drying process and packaged all trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) solution — a derivative of Vitamin A — within safe-for-consumption particles that are small enough to use in an inhaler.

The findings, demonstrated that these particles efficiently delivered the treatment and significantly reduced TB-causing bacteria and associated lung damage.

“Unfortunately, TB remains a significant problem for world health. We urgently need innovative treatments like this one if we are to achieve the UN 2030 health targets,” said the Prof.

There is only one vaccine for TB, developed in 1921, which is unreliable in preventing the most common form of TB, and is not suitable in all patient groups.

The vaccine works best against specific forms of TB and is usually given to infants in at-risk populations.

There were 558,000 new cases with resistance to the most effective first-line antibiotic, among which 82 per cent were resistant to multiple antibiotics, estimated the WHO.

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Traumatic childhood linked to psychotic experiences

Researchers have found a link between trauma in childhood and psychotic experiences at the age of 18. The findings are the first to comprehensively examine the association between different types of trauma, and their timing in childhood with later psychotic experiences using a large population study. Psychotic experiences include abnormal experiences such as hearing voices or feelings of paranoia.

Researchers used  Children of the 90s longitudinal data to examine 4,433 participants who had clinical interviews and attended clinics at the age of 18. The study concludes that between 25 and 60 per cent of the young people who reported psychotic experiences (five per cent of the sample) would not have developed these if they had not been exposed to trauma such as bullying, domestic violence or emotional neglect as a child.

The results were consistent regardless of socio-economic status or genetic risk of mental health difficulties, which could inform future research and the development of interventions.

A researcher said: "As around five per cent of the population have psychotic experiences at some point in their life, and these often lead to further mental health issues, it is important that we understand more about the role trauma has in increasing this risk.

"I wanted to look at traumatic experiences during childhood using Children of the 90s data because it allowed us to answer questions about the timing and type of trauma that previous studies have not been able to examine comprehensively."

"The findings support that routine screening for psychotic experiences in children or young people exposed to trauma, particularly those exposed to frequent occurrences, should be considered as a way of preventing later mental health problems. Understanding how trauma leads to psychotic experiences could lead to the development of more novel treatments for psychosis.

Professor of Psychiatry added: "This work helps to establish the importance of trauma in the aetiology of psychotic experiences, and can help inform the clinical approach to reducing the impact of these often very distressing symptoms."    

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