Study links immune responses to environmental exposures early in life

Environmental exposures – such as obstetric factors, farm dust and air pollution – early in life can modify immune responses in adolescents.
 
There is strong evidence that different exposures early in life can alter the risk of allergic diseases. One of these exposures is farming. Exposure to the farm environment in childhood, and even prenatally, has been shown to decrease the risk of allergic diseases.

On the other hand, being born by caesarean section is recognised as a risk factor. The roles of other obstetric factors are less studied. Another harmful exposure is air pollution, and especially exposure to particulate matter, which has been shown to increase asthma prevalence and exacerbations in children. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear, causing a delay in the development of asthma-preventive strategies.

Earlier studies have shown that immunological development and maturation starts already during pregnancy and in early childhood. Therefore, exposure at this critical point of immune development may modify immune responses and cells, and thus influence the risk of allergies and other immune diseases.

The study explored how different exposures during pregnancy, birth or childhood modulate asthma-related immune responses in children. The study focused on three different exposures: one that is asthma-protective (farming) and two that predispose to asthma (caesarean section and air pollution).

“We studied whether circulating dendritic cells associate with farming, asthma or atopy, whether obstetric factors affect immune responses at teenage in children born by caesarean section, and whether farm dust and urban air particulate matter have immunomodulatory effects on children’s circulating immune cells,” said a researcher.

The studied environmental exposures were associated with asthma-related immune responses. Inverse association between farm exposure and one of the subsets studied, and the association between this subset and asthma in farm children, suggested that this subset plays a role in farm-related immunoregulation.

On the other hand, the lack of natural birth processes during delivery and neonatal intensive care treatment seemed to lead to long-lasting alterations of immune responses. The observed stimulatory effects of farm dust and inhibitory effects of particulate matter on immune responses indicate that these exposures could modify responses towards respiratory pathogens and allergens, and partly explain differences in asthma prevalence between the studied environments.

The study demonstrated associations between diverse early life exposures and immune responses, both ex vivo and in vitro. Some changes in immune responses seemed to be observable up to teenage. The study revealed some of the potential immunological mechanisms behind different exposures and advanced knowledge of immune mechanisms that either protect from or predispose to asthma.

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Resistance training safe for children

Dismissing the common perception that resistance training can restrict the growth of children, fitness experts have said that this form of exercise can actually help kids build the muscle strength and endurance needed for their growth.
 
Resistance training -- also called as strength training or weight training -- is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the strength, anaerobic endurance and size of skeletal muscles.
As children gain a considerable amount of strength with hormonal development in their growing age, resistance training helps by building strength and athletic abilities above and beyond natural growth and maturation, according to experts.

It potentially helps in increased bone mineral density as well as muscular strength and endurance.
 
"Resistance training has proven to bring benefits in growing children in terms of building strength, muscle endurance and overall conditioning," said a fitness exper.



According to the popular notion, resistance training restricts the growth of children in terms of how tall they can grow.

"There is no scientific reason which proves this, on the contrary an injury to the growth cartilage in children is most often the reason why they stop growing, it is never due to resistance training or any other sport," says a fitness exper.

For children, the training module includes light and controlled functional movements that add resistance such as the deadlift or squat -- basically picking something off the ground.

Both male and female children above the age of six can practise the exercise regimen, which also includes light weightlifting.

"It may be specifically important for girls as they tend to be at an increased risk for osteoporosis -- weak and brittle bones -- in adulthood," he added.

Nevertheless, resistance training cannot substitute for regular sports, he said. Instead, resistance training helps children develop the prerequisite skills and abilities, allowing them to participate in a variety of activities and sports with confidence and vigour.

It also reduces chances of injuries while playing other sports or any other physical activity as it teaches the right way to perform various functional movements.

Strength training, which also targets deficits in muscular fitness and motor skill performance, may also safeguard children against various negative health outcomes such as the risk of developing obesity or Type-2 diabetes.

It is because resistance training decreases body fat, improves insulin sensitivity and also enhances cardiovascular abilities.

"For children with diabetes, resistance training may hold the key to reduce the intensity of the disease, if not a complete reversal," he said.

It is not uncommon to see parents fearing injury to their kids during the course of training. But the experts said that such fears are often not based on facts.

"An injury is caused only when a movement is wrongly practiced. No movement in the resistance training formats can cause injury, provided it is practiced under a certified coach," he stated.

The training programme for children needs to be designed and delivered by experienced strength and conditioning professionals, which may not only help in improving performance but also reduce chances of injury, she added.

Coaches need to understand the principles of growth; maturity and development in children while also keeping in mind the frequency of training.

"It is most ideal to train children for 2-3 non-consecutive days in a week that may enable enough recovery periods," he noted.

Trainers should monitor each child`s tolerance levels carefully and underestimate the quantum of strength of the children, and scale up the training as necessary.

This may help improve performance over time as well as boost the self-confidence in children, he said.

Other precautions should be followed such as a dynamic warm-up routine before starting the training, and static stretches after.

Most importantly, parents should ascertain the credentials and certifications of the trainer before sending their children for training, he said.

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Another medical use for pot: Healing broken bones

There’s yet another use for marijuana: It may help to heal broken bones, according to a new study.
Researchers found that cannabidiol – an element of marijuana that does not get people high – improved the healing process in rats with broken leg bones after eight weeks, according to a study published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research by Tel Aviv University and Hebrew University.

Yankel Gabet of Tel Aviv’s Bone Research Laboratory who led the study, said it found that the element “makes bones stronger during healing,” which could prevent future fractures. This process occurs as cannabidiol, or CBD, enhances the maturation of collagen, the protein in connective tissue that “holds the body together.”

“After being treated with CBD, the healed bone will be harder to break in the future,” Gabet said in a news release.

The results of the study provide another glimpse into the potential health benefits of marijuana. Medicinal marijuana is already used to reduce some of the effects associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients. It is also used as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.

In earlier research, Gabet’s team learned that the body’s cannabinoid receptors “stimulated bone formation and inhibited bone loss.” Those findings open doors to how marijuana could treat osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases, the researchers say.

Marijuana is still largely illegal across the world and in the United States. But marijuana prescribed for medical uses is legal in 23 states and the District of Columbia.

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration classifies marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug “with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse” alongside heroin and LSD. Although that classification is unlikely to change this year, attempts and events that challenge marijuana’s status in the nation have not gone unnoticed.

According to Gabet, “there is still a lot of work to be done to develop appropriate therapies” in using marijuana medically, but “it is possible to detach a clinical therapy objective” from the mood-changing aspects of the stoner’s plant.

 “The clinical potential of cannabinoid-related compounds is simply undeniable at this point.”

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