Laser-based saliva test to help diagnose diseases early

A novel laser-based technique can analyse human saliva and non-invasively diagnose immune system disorders even before the symptoms appear, increasing the chances of recovery, scientists say.

Disorders of the immune system lead to various diseases from allergy and type 1 diabetes to more dangerous autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis

However, such  diseases are diagnosed only when the symptoms are clearly demonstrated.
Researchers developed a unique method of immune diseases diagnosing before the symptoms appear.
They proposed a laser-correlation spectroscopic technique (also called dynamic light scattering) for studying the immune response in body fluids, for example, in saliva.
"We offer a cheap and effective method of diagnosing the diseases without any indication. We need a laser, a receiver and a programme for data analysis, she said.

In the course of routine clinical examination, saliva can be tested so that the patient can learn more about the disease before the symptoms appear. This method will increase the chances of recovery," she said.

It is known that saliva contains the same immune proteins as blood. Moreover, it is much easier and cheaper in comparison with blood analysis.

The proposed method is to analyse the scattered light obtained by laser illumination of human's biological fluid (saliva or blood).

The laser beam is focused on the sample. The proteins in the liquid scatter the light, which is registered by the detector.

By analysing the change in the intensity of scattered light in time, it is possible to determine the size of the particles floating in the liquid, researchers said.

The particle size changes during the activation of immunity, the proteins are binding and become larger.

In addition, the size composition of biological fluids in different people can vary. It depends on the certain diseases in the organism.

Thus, it is possible to determine whether the human body reacts to infections properly and to diagnose the diseases.

With this method, it is also possible to test medical drugs not on a human, but on his biological fluids, paving the way for custom treatments to suit the individual.

Such studies of the dynamics of the activation of immune proteins using optical methods have not yet been carried out, thus the research remains to be done.

The current task is to create a detailed study of the reactions of donors with various pathologies.

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NEW AUTOMATED BLOOD TEST ACCURATELY DIAGNOSES MALARIA

Scientists have developed an automated blood test that can accurately diagnose malaria much faster than current methods. A major problem associated with this infectious tropical disease is the difficulty in obtaining a fast and reliable diagnosis.

Up to now it was diagnosed mainly by means of the microscopic detection of pathogens in the blood by medical technicians - an inaccurate and time-consuming method.

The test developed by researcher, used a combination of 30 different blood values that can be determined using an automated process.

The team carried out a statistical evaluation of the blood parameters of healthy subjects and malaria patients.
Based on this they were able to identify a set of 30 blood values which presented quantifiable deviations from the norm in people suffering from the disease.

Researchers then developed an algorithm that can be programmed into blood analysis devices already used in laboratories and clinics so that they recognise the malaria "data fingerprint".

The new method enables the diagnosis of the disease with 97 percent accuracy.

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New paper strip test diagnoses Ebola, yellow fever and dengue in just 10 minutes

Early diagnoses of deadly diseases holds a vital key in ability of doctors to try and fend off the virus behind the disease and a new paper strip test developed by MIT researchers does just that. The new test can diagnose deadly Ebola, as well as other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as yellow fever and dengue fever, in just 10 minutes.

Currently utilised lab-based tests for Ebola are accurate, but they are time consuming as they involve sending patients’ blood samples to a lab that can perform advanced techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which can detect genetic material from the Ebola virus. Some areas of Africa where Ebola and other fevers are endemic have limited access to this kind of technology.

“For many hemorrhagic fever viruses, like West Nile and dengue and Ebola, and a lot of other ones in developing countries, like Argentine hemorrhagic fever and the Hantavirus diseases, there are just no rapid diagnostics at all,” says Lee Gehrke, the Hermann L.F. von Helmholtz Professor in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES).

The new paper-strip based test developed by MIT researchers relies on lateral flow technology, which is used in pregnancy tests and has recently been exploited for diagnosing strep throat and other bacterial infections.

Until now, however, no one has applied a multiplexing approach, using multicoloured nanoparticles, to simultaneously screen for multiple pathogens.

Unlike most existing paper diagnostics, which test for only one disease, the new MIT strips are colour-coded so they can be used to distinguish among several diseases.

To achieve that, the researchers used triangular nanoparticles, made of silver, that can take on different colours depending on their size.

The researchers created red, orange, and green nanoparticles and linked them to antibodies that recognise Ebola, dengue fever, and yellow fever.

As a patient’s blood serum flows along the strip, any viral proteins that match the antibodies painted on the stripes will get caught, and those nanoparticles will become visible.

This can be seen by the naked eye; for those who are colour blind, a cellphone camera could be used to distinguish the colours.

“When we run a patient sample through the strip, if you see an orange band you know they have yellow fever, if it shows up as a red band you know they have Ebola, and if it shows up green then we know that they have dengue,” Hamad-Schifferli said.

This process takes about 10 minutes, allowing health care workers to rapidly perform triage and determine if patients should be isolated, helping to prevent the disease from spreading further.

“As we saw with the recent Ebola outbreak, sometimes people present with symptoms and it’s not clear what they have,” said a visiting scientist in Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and a member of the technical staff at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory.

“We wanted to come up with a rapid diagnostic that could differentiate between different diseases,” he said.
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