Diagnosis Of Blodd Cancer

If your doctor thinks you might have blood cancer, there are tests that can help her find out for sure. You may need to have more than one to know what’s going on.

Blood Tests

Complete blood count: This test measures the WBC, RBC, and other things that make up your blood. If the test finds any variation from the normal count, that can be a sign of a problem.

Blood smear: If the above test doesn’t give clear results or your doctor thinks your body isn’t making blood cells the way it should,then the Dr. may recommend this test. It tells whether the blood cells look normal and if you’ve got the right amount of them.

Blood chemistry: This is to measures blood sugar, cholesterol, proteins, hormones, and other things in your blood. This tells about your overall health and can show problems is any. For example, certain proteins can show how big tumors are and how fast they’re growing.

White cell differential: This is to measures the different kinds of white cells in your blood. The results help show how well your body can fight infection. They also can show signs of some types of blood cancers, like leukemia, and tell how advanced they are.

FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization): This focuses on blood cancer cells and the genetic blueprint that guides their growth is changing. The results will help the doctor know if you’re getting the right treatment.

Flow cytometry: If too many white cells in your blood test, this can tell if cancer is the reason for that. The test measures the number of WBC and notes their size, shape, and other traits.

Immunophenotyping: This can tell the difference between the types of cancer cells., and help the doctor figure out the best treatment for you.

Karyotype test: This test notes the changes in the size, shape, number, or arrangement in blood or bone marrow cells, to help the doctor plan your treatment.

Polymerase chain reaction: This can spot markers of cancer. It is more effective and can show what other test may have missed and let  your doctor know how well your treatment is working.

Bone Marrow Tests

Your bones are hard on the outside, but they’re more like sponge in the middle- the marrow, and it’s where your red blood cells and white blood cells are made.
Some illnesses show up there before they do in your blood. Your doctor may need to find out if a disease is attacking your bone marrow.
Your doctor probably will take a small amount of marrow from your hip.For this, the Dr. either numbs the area or gives you medicine to make you feel drowsy. Then the Dr. may do one of the following, which the Dr. feels, will give the better result. 

Bone marrow aspiration: The Dr. will use a hollow needle to take out a little of the fluid from your bone marrow. 
Bone marrow biopsy:The Dr. will use a slightly larger needle to take out a piece of the solid part of the marrow.

This can be done in a clinic or in the hospital, as it is a short procedure. The samples are sent to a lab to analyse if the bone marrow is producing healthy cells or not. The test can reveal at what stage your disease is, note if the treatment is effective.

Lymph Node Biopsy

Blood cancer may affect part of your immune system known as lymphatic system. The lymphatic system runs throughout your body, and our  body has hundreds of them, and they have white blood cells to help fight infections and illnesses.

The experts may want to take out part or all of a node to look for cancer. This is known as a lymph node biopsy.

When the experts see the extracted lymph node, they can look for cancer tumors, masses that aren’t cancerous, or infections. That can tell them whether you have lymphoma, a kind of cancer that attacks the lymphatic system.

Imaging Tests

Chest X-rays: These can help your doctor spot a tumor, an infection, or a large lymph node.

CT (computed tomography) scan: This scan machine takes X-rays from different angles and put them together to make a more complete picture. That can show large lymph nodes, and other organ abnormalities, or help your doctor see if cancer has returned after treatment.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan: This uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to make detailed pictures of your organs, blood vessels, or bones. It can help your doctor spot tumors or look for changes in your bones that signal a type of blood cancer called myeloma. 

PET (positron emission tomography) scan: This uses a radioactive form of sugar to show your metabolism at work. It can tell your doctor if you have lymphoma or other cancers and also if your cancer has returned.

Spinal Tap- lumbar puncture

This test looks at a sample of the fluid around your brain and spinal cord. It can tell your doctor if the fluid has any blood cancer cells.

Urine Test

This measures proteins, blood cells, and other substances in your urine. Chemicals in your blood often end up in your urine after your kidneys filter them out.

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Highly sensitive blood test for cancer detection developed

Scientists have developed a low-cost and highly sensitive blood test that may quickly detect cancer growth and spread.

The test called single colour digital PCR can detect genetic mutations in minute amounts of DNA released from cancer cells into the blood. 

 The highly sensitive test requires only a fraction of a tube of blood and can detect as few as three mutation-bearing molecules in a single reaction, researchers said.
It has the potential to be personalised to recognise mutations unique to any individual cancer, they said.
"For monitoring patient tumours, only a handful of blood tests are available which are limited to only several types of cancers," said the associate professor.
"Nearly all cancer patients require monitoring by whole body imaging, which can be costly, complex, and time- consuming.
"In contrast, molecular tests like the one we have developed will enable patients to be monitored at every visit, and thus have the potential for quickly tracking cancer growth and spread," said  the Prof.
The test's rapid turnaround and relatively low cost, especially compared to next-generation DNA sequencing, provide a potential opportunity for universal monitoring of more patients than is currently done, said the Prof.
Researchers used the test to analyse samples from six patients. Five patients were previously diagnosed with colorectal cancer and one with cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer.
After generation of customised mutation detection assays, the researchers were able to identify tumour-derived circulating DNA from three out of six patients.
In one patient, the assay was able to show the presence of three different mutations.
The three patients, whose samples did not show elevated cancer DNA, were undergoing active treatment at the time of collection. 

 The single-colour digital PCR test offers several advantages over other methods of circulating tumour DNA analysis, compared to next-generation targeted sequencing and fluorescent probe-based digital PCR assays.

The main advantage is that the new technique does not rely on pre-amplification, which can introduce errors and biases.

"This test is simple enough to set up and analyse without extensive training, and therefore, it can be implemented by anyone, making it highly accessible to any laboratory," said a scientist.

"It has been truly motivating to work with a technology that will help transform the way that we monitor and treat individuals with cancer. I am excited to share our findings with the cancer research community," said the lead author of the research.

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New paper strip test diagnoses Ebola, yellow fever and dengue in just 10 minutes

Early diagnoses of deadly diseases holds a vital key in ability of doctors to try and fend off the virus behind the disease and a new paper strip test developed by MIT researchers does just that. The new test can diagnose deadly Ebola, as well as other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as yellow fever and dengue fever, in just 10 minutes.

Currently utilised lab-based tests for Ebola are accurate, but they are time consuming as they involve sending patients’ blood samples to a lab that can perform advanced techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which can detect genetic material from the Ebola virus. Some areas of Africa where Ebola and other fevers are endemic have limited access to this kind of technology.

“For many hemorrhagic fever viruses, like West Nile and dengue and Ebola, and a lot of other ones in developing countries, like Argentine hemorrhagic fever and the Hantavirus diseases, there are just no rapid diagnostics at all,” says Lee Gehrke, the Hermann L.F. von Helmholtz Professor in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES).

The new paper-strip based test developed by MIT researchers relies on lateral flow technology, which is used in pregnancy tests and has recently been exploited for diagnosing strep throat and other bacterial infections.

Until now, however, no one has applied a multiplexing approach, using multicoloured nanoparticles, to simultaneously screen for multiple pathogens.

Unlike most existing paper diagnostics, which test for only one disease, the new MIT strips are colour-coded so they can be used to distinguish among several diseases.

To achieve that, the researchers used triangular nanoparticles, made of silver, that can take on different colours depending on their size.

The researchers created red, orange, and green nanoparticles and linked them to antibodies that recognise Ebola, dengue fever, and yellow fever.

As a patient’s blood serum flows along the strip, any viral proteins that match the antibodies painted on the stripes will get caught, and those nanoparticles will become visible.

This can be seen by the naked eye; for those who are colour blind, a cellphone camera could be used to distinguish the colours.

“When we run a patient sample through the strip, if you see an orange band you know they have yellow fever, if it shows up as a red band you know they have Ebola, and if it shows up green then we know that they have dengue,” Hamad-Schifferli said.

This process takes about 10 minutes, allowing health care workers to rapidly perform triage and determine if patients should be isolated, helping to prevent the disease from spreading further.

“As we saw with the recent Ebola outbreak, sometimes people present with symptoms and it’s not clear what they have,” said a visiting scientist in Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and a member of the technical staff at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory.

“We wanted to come up with a rapid diagnostic that could differentiate between different diseases,” he said.
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