Bullying, violence at work ups heart disease risk

People who frequently experience violence or bullying at work may be at higher risk of heart attacks and stroke, a study has found.

The researchers looked at data from 79,201 working men and women in some countries, aged 18 to 65, with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), who were participants in three studies that started between 1995 and 2011. Although the study does not show that  workplace bullying or violence directly cause cardiovascular problems, researchers said that their results are robust and have important implications for employers and national governments.

“If there is a casual link between bullying or violence at work and cardiovascular disease, then the removal of workplace bullying would mean we could avoid five per cent of all cardiovascular cases , and the eradication of violence at work would avoid more than three per cent of all cases,” said a researcher.

When the participants joined the studies, the participants were asked about bullying and violence in the workplace and how frequently they experienced each of them.

Information on the number of cases of heart and brain blood vessel disease and deaths was obtained from nationwide registries.

Researchers also took account of other factors that could affect whether or not the participants were affected by CVD, such as body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, mental disorders and other pre-existing health conditions, shift working and occupation.

Nine per cent of participants reported being bullied at work and 13 per cent reported experiencing violence or threats of violence at work in the past year.

After adjusting for age, sex, country of birth, marital status and level of education, the researchers found that those who were bullied or experienced violence (or threats of violence) at work had a 59 per cent and 25 per cent higher risk of CVD respectively compared to people who were not exposed to bullying or violence.

The more bullying or violence that was encountered, the greater the risk of CVD. People who reported being bullied frequently in the past 12 months had 120 per cent higher risk of CVD, while those who were exposed most frequently to workplace violence had a 36 per cent higher risk of cerebrovascular disease (such as stroke) than those not exposed to violence, but there did not appear to be a corresponding increase in heart disease.

“Workplace bullying and workplace violence are distinct social stressors at work. Only 10-14 per cent of those exposed to at least one type of exposure were suffering from the other at the same time,” said the researcher.

These stressful events are related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in a dose-response manner -- in other words, the greater the exposure to the bullying or violence, the greater the risk of cardiovascular disease.

The researchers are currently investigating what mechanisms, behavioural and biological, may be involved in increasing the risk of CVD in people who experience workplace bullying or violence.
They believe that high blood pressure is likely to be involved as it is known already that severe stress can increase blood pressure.

In addition, exposure to bullying and violence may lead to anxiety and depression which, in turn, can lead to over-eating and excessive alcohol consumption. Stress-induced changes to metabolism could also be involved.

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Difficult eaters may have underlying psychological issues

Parents, take note! Bullying can initiate or reinforce body image preoccupations and possibly lead to a change in eating behaviour in kids, a new study has warned.

Childhood eating difficulties could be a sign of underlying psychological issues, researchers have found.

Researchers at the University of Montreal and its affiliated CHU Sainte-Justine children's hospital said that difficult eaters could have underlying psychological issues, after they have found that restrictive behaviours can appear before puberty.

"Many researchers believe that bulimia only appears at adolescence, but our studies indicate that the problem can arises much earlier. It is possible that it is currently under-diagnosed due to a lack of awareness and investigation," said clinical psychologist and Professor Dominique Meilleur, who led the study.

Meilleur and colleagues studyed the psychological, socio-demographic and physiological characteristics of 215 eight to twelve year olds with eating problems.

Kids with physical issues that could cause eating problems, such as diabetes or cystic fibrosis, were excluded from the study.

The researchers found that the children often suffered from other problems: in particular, anxiety and mood disorders and attention deficiency.

"More than 15.5 per cent of the children in the study made themselves vomit occasionally and 13.3 per cent presented bulimic behaviours," Meilleur said.

"These results are very concerning but they may help clinicians reach a diagnosis earlier by enabling them to investigate these aspects," Meilleur said.

Across the study, 52 per cent of the children had been hospitalised at least once due to their eating problem and 48 per cent had been treated as outpatients emergency responders.

"The fact that most children had been hospitalised upon contact with medical services suggests that the children's physical health was precarious. It is also worth noting that psychiatric issues were present in the families of 36.3 per cent of the study participants," Meilleur explained.

The results of this study indicate that 22.7 per cent of the children identify having been mocked or insulted for his or her appearance as a trigger event to the modification of their behaviours.

"For some children, bullying can initiate or reinforce body image preoccupations and possibly lead to a change in eating behaviour," Meilleur said.

Around 95 per cent of the children in the study had restrictive eating behaviours, 69.4 per cent were afraid of putting on weight, and 46.6 per cent described themselves as "fat."

"These behaviours reflect the clinical presentations we observe in adolescents and support findings that body image is a preoccupation for some children as early as elementary school," Meilleur explained.

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Childhood Bullying Scars Can Last Into Adulthood

Highlighting the harm caused by bullying, a new study finds the effects of childhood bullying last into adulthood and can lead to problems such as illness, job difficulties and poor relationships with others.

Researchers assessed 1,420 people four to six times between the ages of 9 and 16, and then again when they were between ages 24 and 26. The participants included victims of childhood bullying, bullies and those in both categories, known as bully-victims.

Bully-victims, who may turn to bullying after being bullied themselves, had the greatest risk of health problems when they were adults. They were over six times more likely to be diagnosed with a serious illness, smoke or have a psychiatric disorder than people not involved in bullying.

Victims, bullies and bully-victims were all more than twice as likely as others to have difficulty in keeping a job or committing to saving money. As a result, they were more likely to be poor in young adulthood, according to the study published .

The three groups showed no real difference in the likelihood of being married or having children, but did show signs of having difficulty forming relationships with other people, particularly when it came to maintaining long-term friendships or good ties with parents in adulthood.

However, after accounting for the influence of childhood psychiatric problems and family hardships, the researchers concluded that being a childhood bully had little impact in adulthood.

"Bullies appear to be children with a prevailing antisocial tendency who know how to get under the skin of others, with bully-victims taking the role of their helpers," study co-leader  said in a journal news release.

"It is important to find ways of removing the need for these children to bully others and, in doing so, protect the many children suffering at the hand of bullies -- they are the ones who are hindered later in life," he added.

"We cannot continue to dismiss bullying as a harmless, almost inevitable, part of growing up," he said. "We need to change this mindset and acknowledge this as a serious problem for both the individual and the country as a whole; the effects are long-lasting and significant."

Although the study found associations between childhood bullying and serious health and social consequences in adulthood, it did not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

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