Novel method found to kill dormant TB bacteria in stem cells

The bacteria hide inside lipid droplets and so the stem cells do not kill them, say the researchers.

Delhi-based researchers have found that inhibiting lipid synthesis inside stem cells that produce bone cells (mesenchymal stem cells) can help in killing TB bacteria that are found inside the stem cells in a dormant state and safely shielded from the host immune system and TB drugs.While TB bacteria inside the macrophages actively divide, microbes inside stem cells lie dormant and also make the stem cells less likely to replicate thus surviving for an extended period of time. Ex vivo studies with human stem cells and work on mice showed that the two cells are programmed very differently to support active and dormant TB bacteria infection. 

A team of researchers found that TB bacteria are free in the intracellular fluid (cytosol) of the mesenchymal stem cells while they are surrounded by the macrophage cell membrane on being engulfed. This allows the bacteria to promote rapid synthesis of lipids inside the stem cells and hide within the lipid droplets so created.

That mesenchymal stem cells serve as reservoirs of dormant TB bacteria was known but the mechanism by which the bacteria survive for a long period was not known. 

 Studies using human mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages and mice model studies helped us understand how TB bacteria hijack the cellular mechanism to stop the stem cells from replicating and turn themselves dormant,” says the Prof.  “The bacteria instruct the stem cells to synthesise lipids and hide inside them. The stem cells don’t kill microbes that are inside lipid droplets.

”There was sustained expression of genes controlling dormancy in the bacteria isolated from stem cells while genes that promote replication were expressed in bacteria isolated from macrophages. Mouse mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages too showed similar behaviour.In vitro studies using human stem cells showed the bacteria inhibiting stem cell replication. 

When inhibitors to block lipid synthesis were used, there was reduced expression of genes that regulate dormancy of TB bacteria and replication of stem cells. “This helped confirm that TB bacteria induce lipid synthesis in stem cells and hide inside the lipid cells to escape from anti-TB drugs,” says the first author of the paper. 

“Using a drug that inhibits lipid synthesis will prevent TB bacteria dormancy and make them susceptible to anti-TB drugs,” says Fatima. But killing the bacteria and preventing disease reactivation can be achieved by inducing autophagy (mechanism by which cells removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components) along with anti-TB drugs. 

Inhibiting autophagy is one of the ways by which TB bacteria survive inside host cells. The researchers treated human macrophages and stem cells infected with TB bacteria with an anti-TB drug (isoniazid) and/or rapamycin. While isoniazid eliminated replicating bacteria found in macrophages, rapamycin induced autophagy in stem cells to kill the microbes. Similar results were obtained in mouse models too. 

“In mouse models, inducing autophagy led to elimination of TB bacteria from stem cells. Addition of autophagy-inducing drug along with isoniazid led to sterile cure of TB and prevention of disease reactivation,” says the researcher.

“This discovery paves the way for finally getting to grips with the scourge that is tuberculosis in its dormant state, and whose resurgence poses a threat to not only treating TB but also to disease control,” says another researcher.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     
https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement           

Instead of supplements with calcium and fosamax, a more constructive regimen could include Vitamin C, Vitamin K2, vitamin D3, boron, silica, and magnesium, as they are much more successful in preventing fractures and maintaining bone health. Calcium ultimately ends up in the muscles of the heart, the heart valves, and the blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease, but the proper ratio of vitamin C, D3 and K2, will direct the calcium from food to where it belongs, not in your heart and blood vessels. Vitamin C is crucial in collagen synthesis, it mineralizes the bone and stimulates bone-forming, dampens oxidative stress, and prevents excessive degradation of bone by inhibiting bone absorbing cells. In the case of its low levels, the opposite happens: osteoclasts, bone cells that degrade bone proliferate, and osteoblasts, bone cells that lay down mineral and new bone are not formed. Researchers have found that seniors with fractured bones have significantly lower levels of vitamin C in their blood. Therefore, do not fear to take vitamin C supplements, as they are the most non-toxic and safe supplements available. Adults should take 2-5 grams per day of sodium ascorbate as a general supplement. You can also use liposomal vitamin C but avoid Ester-C or calcium ascorbate. If you opt for a natural plant-based source, choose Camu-Camu. Holistic practitioners maintain that vitamin K2 is important in cardiovascular and bone health, and vitamin D3 with a level of around 50-70 mg/ml will boost immunity and improve bone health. Sources: www.collective-evolution.com

Osteoporosis is a bone-weakening disease which results from an inability to produce bone mass after bone cells die off naturally. It renders bones so brittle they can be broken by minor falls or even sudden harsh coughs.

In most cases, people suffering from “osteopenia” or “osteoporosis” are advised to take calcium and vitamin D supplements and even problematic drugs called bisphosphonates, such as such as Alendronate (Fosamax) Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia) Ibandronate (Boniva) Zoledronic acid (Reclast), which lead to even more brittle bones that break under normal loads.

Yet, this approach is irrational and in some cases, harmful.

Namely, although calcium levels are very low in osteoporotic bone, increasing the calcium intake via supplementation does not improve osteoporotic bone health.

One hypothesis regarding the nature of osteoporosis is that it is scurvy of the bones. This means that if one increases vitamin C levels and restores the balance of antioxidants, the bones are able to regenerate and create a strong healthy new structure. Therefore, vitamin C intake can potentially help reverse osteoporosis.

Antioxidants prevent oxidation in the bones or anywhere in the body, so the bones will suffer due to the increased oxidative stress in the case of a lack of antioxidants in the body.

Also, remember that supplements are no replacement for good nutrition. In the case of proper hormonal balance and nutrients, the matrix of bone will incorporate calcium and nutrients where they belong.

Instead of supplements with calcium and fosamax, a more constructive regimen could include Vitamin C, Vitamin K2, vitamin D3, boron, silica, and magnesium, as they are much more successful in preventing fractures and maintaining bone health.

Calcium ultimately ends up in the muscles of the heart, the heart valves, and the blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease, but the proper ratio of vitamin C, D3 and K2, will direct the calcium from food to where it belongs, not in your heart and blood vessels.

Vitamin C is crucial in collagen synthesis, it mineralizes the bone and stimulates bone-forming, dampens oxidative stress, and prevents excessive degradation of bone by inhibiting bone absorbing cells.

In the case of its low levels, the opposite happens: osteoclasts, bone cells that degrade bone proliferate, and osteoblasts, bone cells that lay down mineral and new bone are not formed.

Researchers have found that seniors with fractured bones have significantly lower levels of vitamin C in their blood.

Therefore, do not fear to take vitamin C supplements, as they are the most non-toxic and safe supplements available. Adults should take 2-5 grams per day of sodium ascorbate as a general supplement. You can also use liposomal vitamin C but avoid  Ester-C or calcium ascorbate.  If you opt for a natural plant-based source, choose Camu-Camu.

Holistic practitioners maintain that vitamin K2 is important in cardiovascular and bone health, and vitamin D3 with a level of around 50-70 mg/ml will boost immunity and improve bone health.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.   
https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement     

Sources:
www.collective-evolution.com

Research gives hope for people with facial, head deformities

A recent research substantiates that calcium plays a major role in regulating the cells that are responsible for bone growth and the finding could affect treatment for people with head and facial deformities.

Especially when the conditions is caused by too much collagen deposition, such as fibrosis and excessive scarring, as well as diseases of too little bone growth, such as Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS). 

The finding by Michael Rape and his team at the University of California, came from study of the signals that tell undifferentiated stem cells in the very early embryo to mature into bone cells.

In the craniofacial disorder TCS, for instance, the embryo does not form a structure called the neural crest, from which the jaws, inner ear and numerous other bones in the head and face develop.

As a result, people like Francis Smith, a 41-year-old researcher, who visited Rape, required dozens of surgeries during childhood to reconstruct the face, implant hearing aids and even reconstruct the trachea to breathe normally.

The researchers hope that basic research to pinpoint the key signals that trigger proper bone growth can help those like Smith avoid such painful surgeries.

One option could be the implantation of a biodegradable matrix seeded with bone cells called chondrocytes, which would then be stimulated to release collagen, the blueprint for bone growth.

The new findings suggest that stimulating collagen release with calcium would also trigger proper bone growth.

"You would basically add calcium to cells on those support structures, which is fairly easy, and motivate chondrocytes to secrete the collagen that is needed to build a bone structure on top of that support would be exciting but it is very much in the future.

Nevertheless, this might become a possibility the more we understand about how cells make their decisions," Rape said.

The finding also explained how messing with the body's calcium levels during pregnancy can cause facial deformities such as those associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

The findings were published in the journal Cell.

this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.

https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes

https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement