WANT TO KNOW WHY HEART ATTACKS ARE MORE IN WINTER?

The risk of suffering a heart attack is more likely to peak in the winter season and decline in summers because air temperature acts as an external trigger for the life threatening disease, an analysis has shown. The findings revealed that the average number of heart attacks per day was significantly higher during colder temperatures as compared to warmer. When the daily temperature dropped to less than zero degree Celsius, the average rate of heart attacks a day peaked to four, as compared to when it was above 10 degrees. Furthermore, the occurrence of heart attacks increased with higher wind velocities, limited sunshine duration and higher air humidity.  “There is seasonal variation in the occurrence of heart attack, with incidence declining in summer and peaking in winter,” said lead author .
 
“Our results consistently showed a higher occurrence of heart attacks in sub-zero temperatures. The findings were the same across a large range of patient subgroups, and at national as well as regional levels, suggesting that air temperature is a trigger for heart attacks,” the author added. The body responds to cold by constricting superficial blood vessels, which decreases thermal conduction in the skin and subsequently increases arterial blood pressure. Other responses are shivering and increased heart rate, which raise the metabolic rate and in turn increase body temperature, the researchers explained. “In the majority of healthy people these mechanisms are well tolerated. But in people with atherosclerotic plaques in their coronary arteries they may trigger a heart attack,” the author noted. Respiratory tract infections and influenza are also known risk factors for heart attack that have a clear seasonal variation. “In addition, seasonal-dependent behaviours such as reduced physical activity and dietary changes could also play a role in the increased occurrence of heart attack during colder weather,”the author said.  For the study, the team investigated the association between heart attack incidence and weather conditions such as air temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation, and air pressure in more than 2,80,000 patients. 

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Menopause before 40 ups fracture risk

If you are in menopause before the age of 40, you have a higher fracture risk, even with calcium and vitamin D supplements, says a study.

For years, calcium and vitamin D have been touted for their abilities to increase bone mineral density. 

Hormone therapy is also recognised for its ability to help ward off osteoporosis.

That is what prompted this latest study -- published online in Menopause, the journal of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) -- to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium, vitamin D, and/or hormones in offsetting the higher fracture risks for women experiencing early menopause.

Based on an evaluation of nearly 22,000 women included in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials, the researchers found that women younger than 40 years already in menopause had significantly higher risks for fracture than women who experienced menopause between the ages of 40 and 49 or after 50, regardless of treatment intervention.

"This study highlights the need for healthcare providers to take into consideration a woman's age at menopause onset when evaluating patients for fracture risk," JoAnn Pinkerton, NAMS Executive Director, said in a statement.

"Women at risk for bone loss need 1,200 mg of calcium per day, with adequate vitamin D, and encouraged to get as much as possible through diet due to concern that too much supplemental calcium may increase atherosclerotic plaque in women," Pinkerton said.

"Women with early menopause should discuss whether they are candidates for hormone therapy with their providers, appropriate amount of calcium, vitamin D and hormones," Pinkerton pointed out.

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